The Homelessness And Its Effects On Women - 762 Words

Although homelessness may be difficult and isolating for anyone who experiences it, there are certain adversities specific to women. Whether cisgender or transgender, those who identify as women often have additional hardships when homeless (Shier, Jones, Graham, 2011). A society in which women are paid 77 cents to a man’s dollar, it is apparent women are seen as the lesser gender and are subject to different difficulties; this is evidenced in multiple studies concerning women experiencing homelessness (David, Rowe Ponce, 2015; Sayers, 2012; Shier, Jones, Graham, 2011; Whitbeck, Armenta, Gentzler, 2015). David, Rowe, Stacheli and Ponce (2015) surveyed homeless women with both mental illnesses and substance abuse problems and 100 percent reported to be victims of physical or sexual assault. Additionally, Shier, Jones, and Graham (2011) studied homeless women who expressed the lack of shelter space for women, and they found many shelters are catered to men only. Another stud y on intersectionality of homeless women found women experiencing homelessness are three times more likely to have posttraumatic stress disorder than women in the general population (Whitbeck, Armenta, Gentzler, 2015). Due to these facts, women experiencing homelessness are clearly subject to unique exploitations and vulnerabilities. It is also important to understand that various intersections of race, culture, sexuality, age, and physical and mental health conditions contribute to the severityShow MoreRelatedHomeless in The United States 1309 Words   |  6 PagesHomelessness is a problem that happens in many different countries around the world. Definitions of homelessness are defined in different meanings by different people. However, the Stewart B. McKinney Act defines a homeless person as â€Å" one who lacks a fixed permanent nighttime residence or whose nighttime residence is a temporary shelter, welfare hotel, or any public or private place not designed as sleeping accom modations for human beings† (McNamara 1025). It is impossible to find out exactly theRead MoreThe State of Homelessness in the United States Essay586 Words   |  3 PagesHomelessness became a huge problem in everywhere especially in the USA. Most people heard homeless people, and they saw homeless people in the streets, markets, or bridges. Most people never try to understand why there is much homelessness. Most people do not know any facts about them seem the truth of homelessness, the state of homelessness in the United States, and the effect on people from homelessness. Many causes become the answers to homeless people. The most easy understanding of homelessnessRead MoreThe Effects of Homelessness on Children1654 Words   |  7 Pagesmental abuse and drug use. Homelessness gained public attention in the late 1970s because homelessness became more visible when it began to include women and children. Today homelessness can be linked to various other problems. It is estimated that 200,000 thousand Canadians have lived in or used the services of a homeless shelter. On any given night, as many as 30,000 thousand Canadians experience homelessness and as many as 50,000 thousand Canadians may be â€Å"hidden homelessness† victims. In other wordsRead MoreCauses And Effects Of Homelessness Essay1267 Words   |  6 Pages Causes and effects of homelessness in industrialized countries Student Name Institution â€Æ' Introduction Homelessness is the lack of a place to leave or sleep especially during the night. Homeless people do not have proper housing, security and most of them sleep in different places depending on various conditions. Homelessness definition can vary in countries or in various regions in the same country. According to Evans, L., Strathdee in the book â€Å"A roof is not enough†, he explainsRead MoreHomelessness And The United Kingdom1747 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessness has been a globalised concern for centuries. In United Kingdom homelessness predominantly describes in the lines homeless legislation such the Housing Act (2004) and Homeless persons Act (2002) Burrows, Pleace and Quilgars, (2004). This in predominantly surrounding who is perceived as homeless based certain criteria whereby the individual cannot be intentional homeless. However, priority is given to women who have children and women who are vulnerable, in cases such as domestic violenceRead MoreHomelessness and C hildhood Development Essay976 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience homelessness in youth. Homelessness at such an early and integral stage in one’s life presents lasting consequences and we must work to better understand, prevent and reverse the effects of homelessness on children. â€Æ' Homelessness is a widespread issue that in recent years has only worsened with the downturn in the economy and a never-ending war. Of this very vulnerable population however there is within an even more vulnerable population, the children affected by homelessness. We as a societyRead MoreViolence Against Women Is A Women’S Health Issue Stemming1465 Words   |  6 PagesViolence against women is a women’s health issue stemming from the cultural acceptance of the power dynamic between men and women. Specifically, men are socialized to be more powerful, commanding and assert themselves in the public sphere. While females are socialized to be more docile, reserved, obedient and to consume as little space as possible – both physically and figuratively. This mindset is something that adversely affects the health of women, taking away her autonomy, and subverting herRead MoreAmerican Journal Reviews of Child and Family Homelessness720 Words   |  3 Pagesand Family H omelessness: Where are we Now? American Journal of Public Health 103.2 (2013): E1-E10. ProQuest. Web. 1 Mar. 2014. Roy Grant, M.A., et al. conducted a review of family and childhood homelessness over a course between a twenty-five year span of the 1980’s to 2013. They reviewed journal articles, government reports, and news stories to find any changes in conditions or the amount of family and childhood homelessness. The review concluded family and childhood homelessness still existsRead MoreNegative Effects Of Homelessness1446 Words   |  6 Pagesthemselves the question, â€Å"Does homelessness affect me at all?† Typically, if homelessness isn’t affecting a certain individual or anyone that they’re close to, they tend to not want to help. From previous research done by Pergantis, Tolliver, Bishop, 2016, it is a known fact that about 578,242 people in America are considered to be homeless. People who were homeless back then done by were considered as disconnected from the world and they have also encountered psychological effects. Other writers likeRead MoreEssay on The Challenges and Effects of Being Homelessness1599 Words   |  7 PagesHomelessn ess affects families ways of living. Many within the country are faced with the challenges of homelessness. They have to suffer from many challenges physically and mentally. It affects the whole family from before they were born until the day they die. Homelessness affects their jobs and education also. Homelessness has a big impact on their life. Homelessness affects a vast number of people. In the United States over 100 million people are homeless (Stearman 9). In fact, between 600,000

Case Solution Reanults Logan Car free essay sample

Case Solution Renault’s Logan Car: Managing Customs and Duties for a Global Production: Amanda Silverman, Prof. Hau Lee (Case: GS-62 Date: 04/29/08) Stanford Graduate School of Business) Topics: International Value Chain, Foreign Trade Related Risks Trade Barriers Internationalised Value Chain of Renault Logan Pitesti ROMANIA â‚ ¬489 Million Investment in Production site for Renault Logan CKD Parts CKD-parts Decree 166: 0% duty rate for ~90% of parts Moscow, Russia investment of â‚ ¬230 for assembly plant Duty Free CBUs 0% duty rate resulting from free trade agreements By 2006 20,000 Logans exported Ukraine (free trade agreement) Export Morocco 54% stake in Assembly Plant SOMACA: â‚ ¬30 million invested, CAPACITY: 30, 000 Logan per year Tunisia, Jordan, Egypt (Maghreb and Algeria) (free trade agreement) Colombia, Envidago assembly plant investment â‚ ¬23mil: Capacity 15,000 by 2010 Export of cars to Venezuela Ecuador (free trade agreement) CKD Parts Duty Free Export Assembly Plants in Brazil, India, Iran Mechanical parts 0% duty rate instead of 30%: Romania = EUmember Romania now EU Member CBUs 0% duty rate resulting from free trade agreements Brazil: Assembly plant: Mechanical parts CBUs 0% duty (higher than expected demand form EU countries) EU Countries, + Croatia Turkey The â€Å"Custom Consulting Group† is responsible for planning various aspect of the company’s global infrastructure especially logistic and administration required to satisfy customs regulations in the entire supply chain. Moreover they were also responsible for understanding the global customs environment. Inbound and outbound logistics operations and procurement were organized to add value at each step. The home base in Romania produced cars for EU countries, however the automobiles built in a given country could be produced with a range of local content also. A Logan could be exported as a â€Å"CBU (completely built-up) vehicle where the importing country received a ready for sale car for the local market. Logistic then is required to transport the vehicle form production site to its market of sale. This allowed the assembly to be centralized in Romania. However this method was not always an advantage for some target markets such as India where duties could be up to 100% of sale price. In order to save cost another option could be used. CKDs (completely knocked down units) could be shipped to another country for final assembly. Hence, 1 Renault seeks to order CKD-parts from various suppliers, acquire them at a competitive price and in enhanced quality; therefore CKDs were not only ordered form the mother site in Romania but also from local plants. Domestic vendors or other regional sites were also taken into consideration. Sourcing parts from the mother site in Romania could come with a 0% duty however outbound logistics could eat into theses saving. Purchasing parts from local suppliers than using CKD parts would also depends on the competiveness of the supplier in each country. A volume increase correlated to the increases in competiveness of local suppliers. Cost reduction in operations came about due to Renault’s usage of segments of the B-platform, which was also used for the Nissan Micra and Renault Modus. Depending on the end market, Renault would use either its own name or the brand name Dacia. Foreign Trade Related Risks Inflation and foreign exchange related risks are very dominating risk factors which are closely watched and analysed. Here the inflation rate of the local currency and also the exchange rates are taken into consideration before deciding whether or not to invest or source pars form a country. A duty drawback provides refund on customs duties, taxes, or other fees that had been collected at importation. Payment risks could occur if such regulations are misinterpreted resulting in the company losing out on drawbacks. Trade policies in a particular country could also endanger the company’s chance to obtain drawback in the future. Such policy changes might force policy changes might force them to move their operations to countries with improved economic incentives. Unexpected hike in demand from Western Europe saw Renault seeking alternative means to supply its subsidiaries in Russia, Morocco, Colombia, Iran, India Brazil and South Africa with CKD parts. Investment in the assembly plant in Morocco might be reduced due to a change of duty rate to 0% on CBUs. Knowing that Toyota considers South Africa a strategic centre for export to â€Å"Maghreb†, Renault must weigh its options of doing the same, which could seem them been confronted with a substitution for their product. Trade barriers and Renault’s Configuration Customs duties for exported goods Each country has its own procedures in custom policy, which varies in complexity (decided by implementing of Trade Beam (trade compliance system)). It was cost prohibitive for Renault to export Logan as CBUs because duties on vehicles imported as CBUs were too high (from 35% to 100% in India for example) a decision was made to export vehicles as CKDs (completely knocked down units). Local content regulations for subsidiaries and affiliates: TRIMS agreement – restricts import of goods for domestic companies, preference to domestic goods, the amount of imported goods should be equal to exported. After accession Romania to EU, the duty rates on the import were reduced, as far as 0% with some countries. 2

Interview Techniques for the Job Applicant free essay sample

Describes the steps techniques required for a prospective job applicant in performing well in the interview process. Interview Techniques for the Job applicant Introduction A successful interview is composed of many parts. In order for these parts to properly combine, the proper homework must be done (Bell, 1997). If, for example, the applicant wants to find a job in marketing, having a thorough knowledge of the marketing field would be of great use. Having the proper college education is very useful, but an education only serves as a stepping off point for success in the real world. An individual must take the skills that he or she has acquired and apply this knowledge towards a career path. This means understanding ones own strengths and weaknesses in terms of a chosen profession (Bell, 1997). To carry the example further, a person interested in a career in marketing should be able to truthfully assess what he or she. We will write a custom essay sample on Interview Techniques for the Job Applicant or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Chinese Language Characters as Pictographs

Chinese Language Characters as Pictographs   A common misconception about Chinese characters is that they are pictures. I have met many people who dont study Chinese who think that the writing system works much like rebuses where pictures represent concepts and meaning is communicated by listing many such pictures next to each other. This is partly correct, there are a number of Chinese characters that are actually drawn from just looking at the world; these are called pictographs. The reason I say that its a misconception is that these characters make up a very small portion of the total number of characters (perhaps as little as 5%). Since they are so basic and easy to understand, some teachers give their students the false impression that this is the way characters are normally formed, which is not true. This makes Chinese feel much easier, but any learning or teaching method built on this will be limited. For other, more common ways of forming Chinese characters, please read this article. Still, it is important to know how pictographs work because they are the most basic kind of Chinese character and they appear frequently in compounds. Learning pictographs is relatively easy if you know what they represent. Drawing a Picture of Reality Pictographs were originally pictures of phenomena in the natural world. Over the centuries, some of these pictures have morphed beyond recognition, but some are still clear. Here are some examples: Ã¥ ­  child (zÇ ) mouth (kÇ’u)æÅ"ˆ moon (yuà ¨) mountain (shÄ n)æÅ" ¨ tree (mà ¹)ç” ° field (tin) While it might be hard to guess what these characters mean the first time you see them, its relatively easy to recognize the drawn objects once you know which they are. This makes them easier to remember as well. If you want to see how some common pictographs have evolved, please check the pictures here. The Importance of Knowing Pictographs Even though its true that only a small proportion of Chinese characters are pictographs, that doesnt mean that they arent important. First, they represent some very basic concepts that students need to learn early on. They arent necessarily the most common characters (those are usually grammatical in nature), but they are still common. Second, and more importantly, pictographs are very common as components of other characters. If you want to learn to read and write Chinese, you have to break characters down and understand both the structure and the components themselves. Just to give you a few examples, the character Ã¥  £ (kÇ’u) mouth appears in hundreds of characters related to speaking or sounds of different kinds! Not knowing what this character means would make learning all those characters much harder. Likewise, the character æÅ" ¨ (mà ¹) tree above is used in characters that represent plants and trees, so if you see this character in a compound next to (usually to the left) of a character you have never seen before, you can be reasonably sure that its a plant of some sort. To get a more complete picture of how Chinese characters work, though, pictographs arent enough, you need to understand how they are combined in different ways: Character type 1: PictographsCharacter type 2: Simple ideogramsCharacter type 3: Combined ideographsCharacter type 4: Semantic-phonetic compounds

Lloyd Augustus Hall - Chemist and Inventor

Lloyd Augustus Hall - Chemist and Inventor An industrial food chemist, Lloyd Augustus Hall revolutionized the meatpacking industry with his development of curing salts for the processing and reserving of meats. He developed a technique of flash-driving (evaporating) and a technique of sterilization with ethylene oxide which is still used by medical professionals today. Earlier Years Lloyd Augustus Hall was born in Elgin, Illinois, on June 20, 1894.  Halls grandmother came to Illinois via the Underground Railroad  when she was 16. Halls grandfather came to Chicago in 1837 and was one of the founders of the Quinn Chapel  A.M.E. Church. In 1841, he was the churchs first pastor. Hall’s parents, Augustus and Isabel, both graduated high school. Lloyd was born in Elgin but his family moved to  Aurora, Illinois​, which is where he was raised. He graduated in 1912 from East Side High School in Aurora. After graduation, he studied   pharmaceutical chemistry  at  Northwestern University,  earning a bachelor of science degree, followed by a  masters  degree from the  University of Chicago. At Northwestern, Hall met Carroll L. Griffith, who with his father, Enoch L. Griffith, founded  Griffith Laboratories​. The Griffiths later hired Hall as their chief chemist. After finishing college, Hall was hired by the  Western Electric Company  after a phone interview. But the company refused to hire Hall when they learned he was black. Hall then began working as a chemist for the Department of Health in  Chicago  followed by a job as chief chemist with the John Morrell Company. During  World War I, Hall served with the  United States Ordnance Department  where he was promoted to Chief Inspector of Powder and Explosives. Following the war, Hall married Myrrhene Newsome and they moved to Chicago where he worked for the Boyer Chemical Laboratory, again as a chief chemist. Hall then became president and chemical director for Chemical Products Corporations consulting laboratory. In 1925, Hall took a position with Griffith Laboratories where he remained for 34 years. Inventions Hall invented new ways to preserve food. In 1925, at Griffith Laboratories, Hall invented his processes for preserving meat using sodium chloride and nitrate and nitrite crystals.   This process was known as flash-drying. Hall also pioneered the use of antioxidants. Fats and oils spoil when exposed to oxygen in the air. Hall used lecithin, propyl gallate, and ascorbyl ​palmite as antioxidants, and invented a process to prepare the antioxidants for food preservation. He invented a process to sterilized spices using ​ethylenoxide gas, an insecticide. Today, the use of preservatives has been reexamined. Preservatives have been linked to many health issues. Retirement After retiring from Griffith Laboratories in 1959, Hall consulted for the  Food and Agriculture Organization  of the  United Nations. From 1962 to 1964, he was on the American  Food for Peace  Council. He died in 1971 in  Pasadena,  California. He was awarded several honors during his lifetime, including  honorary degrees  from  Virginia State University,  Howard University​  and the  Tuskegee Institute,  and in 2004 he was inducted into the  National Inventors Hall of Fame​.

Assessing non-parametric or t tests Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Assessing non-parametric or t tests - Essay Example The Cronbach alpha value of HPLPII was 0.95, which is reliable and valid for study; as HPLPII has been divided into further six subscales which are health responsibility (HR), physical activity (PA), nutrition (NUTR), spiritual growth (SG), interpersonal relations (IPR), and stress management (SM). The Cronbach alpha’ individual subscale values are stated as 0.83 for HR, 0.87 for PA, 0.85 for NUTR, 0.86 for SG, 0.82 for IPR and 0.76 for SM. Second concept of Attentional Demands Survey (ADS) is valid as Cronbach alpha values stood at 0.96. Since ADS was further divided into four subscales as Physical Environmental (PE), Informational (INF), Behavioural (BEH) and Affective (AF). The Cronbach alpha for all four internal subscales was reported as 0.90 for PE, 0.91 for INF, 0.84 for BEH and 0.88 for AF. Considering all the reported statistics of Cronbach Alpha; it can be argued that all variables are valid and reliable for further testing; it should be noted that acceptance of Cron bach Alpha test statistic is 0.8 for previously tested models and 0.7 for newly tested models. After validation, it should be noted that this study is a correlational study so, obviously the next step will be to analyse the correlation between the survey findings of Attentional Demand Survey (ADS) and Health Promoting Lifestyles Profile II. The resulted correlation between ADS and HPLPII was a moderate negative correlation though all the indicators were significant at 5% level of significance as p statistics for all correlation statistics was below 0.05. After open analysis the sample was categorized into age groups. One way ANOVA test was applied to find the significance of age differences and health promotion. The result statistics revealed significant difference of health promotion between two groups of age 65-74 and age 75-84 but the age group 85 to older had no significant difference in health promotion. The One way ANOVA test statistics revealed the significance of age group d ifferences as p stood at 0.027 with the F-test statistics at 3.72. In the parametric dimension of analysis ADS was consider responsive to the nursing facility for which demographic differences such as marital status differences and gender differences were tested for relationship. Marital status differences were not significant and there was no difference in health promotion while testing their marital differences as t-test statistics for ADS was 0.42 and for HPLPII was -0.42, both t-test statistics were below 2. Similarly gender differences for health promotion were also insignificant as t-test statistic for ADS was 0.76 and for HPLPII was -1.42. Besides parametric testing, the study also opted for some non-parametric testing as attentional demands and difficulties by different age groups were specified and the study compiled the survey results and presented it in tables which was categorized in three age groups. These non-parametric analysis helped understanding the qualitative dim ension of the study. The article is actually based on the growing healthcare problems among the dwelling elders in USA and examines the barriers to health promotion among them. The elderly population of today is known as the baby boomer generation who have

Report of Petipa & Fokine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report of Petipa & Fokine - Essay Example It is a simple reenactment of the old fairy tale in the ballet. The plan was to delineate the dramatic sequence that was shown in the acts with his trademark custom pantomime with specifying not only the characters that come with the play but also the dances and their timing and rhythm. Due to this passive approach, it may be called somewhat of a symphony rather than a usual drama that is expected from such a story. In the scene 1, there are numerous example of his approach like the movement of Catalabutte rhyming with the orchestra, entrance of King, Queen, the three fairies and Carabosse, which is accompanied by relevant songs and variations and a variety of instruments being used. In scene 3, Prince Desire is hunting and shown the lovely ladies of the court who are also presented with the orchestra. The baronesses and duchesses try to s mesmerize the prince but to no avail. All the above instances point to the fact that he was a traditional artist well versed in the classics and a lways wanted to give in his all for the preservation of the ballet, its music and the graceful dance. Michel Fokine was a twentieth century choreographer with education from Petersburg school of imperial Russian ballet. He was an innovator and wanted to go against the conventions and norms of the ballet at that time. His opportunity to prove his worth came when he joined Diaghilev Ballet Russes for its seasons in Western Europe in 1909. He later went to USA and reenacted many of his former plays and other ballet productions in the country for Ballet de Monte Carlo and the American Ballet Theatre. He couldn’t grasp the necessity of tradition in ballet and his The New Ballet showed just that. Fokine wanted the whole body of the performer to show his character. Not just some music and traditional dance sequences, He believed that for each character different type of movement befitting his character should be made. This is considered a revolutionary

International Business Essay Example for Free

International Business Essay What is e-Bay’s core competency? How does it relate to its chosen strategy? e-Bay’s competencies lie in its software, which allows people to trade with little supervision. It also has competencies in dispute resolution, an automated item listing service, an online financial service and a communications platform. The integration of these allow e-Bay to have a more efficient and effective trading tool used and policed by the buyers and sellers in the site. What are the implications to the challenges identified in the case regarding e-Bay’s strategy today and the future? The challenge on translation software has the least amount of impact considering that even the users of the site are content with â€Å"pretty good. † An improvement in this area though, would make the service more reliable. Government regulation challenges are perhaps one of the most difficult. With new laws constantly passed in countries, some laws that touch on trade could prove a hindrance to e-Bay’s expansion and could restrict their operations. Unless the world becomes more open to the flow of goods, then e-Bay would constantly face problems. The digital divide is a less serious problem. With technology catching up to many countries and becoming more available and cheaper, it is only a matter of time before the internet becomes available to poor communities. Cultural attributes is one of the most problematic. Since beliefs take so much time to shape and that reactions are unpredictable, it is important for e-Bay to be able to make their strategies localized and adapt it to the current system. Finally, international expansion is an unpredictable challenge, but could prove successful if their users continue to support and trust the company for their trading needs. Which candidate should the committee nominate for the assignment? Why? The first choice would be Brett Harrison because of his experience in running line activities and supervisory staff and being rated as an excellent worker. More importantly, he has knowledge about the country which is one of the most important things in running the operations of the company there. If he doesn’t agree because of familial considerations, then, Ravi Desai should take his place, not only because of his knowledge of the country but also because he has experience in handling large operations. Should all the candidates receive the same compensation package? If not, which factors influence each package? The candidates should all receive the same principle in their compensation package: a common basic salary and a bonus dependent on their performance and contributions to the company.

Daggers found in shaft graves during the bronze age :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ornamental daggers of the late bronze age found in the shaft graves at Mycenae, that date between 1550, and 1500 B.C. were made by Cretans for the mainland market. Even though these daggers were made in Crete none have ever been found there. Some other places where similar daggers have been found are the island of Thera, Vapheio, Pylos, and the Argire Heraeum. This shows that there was trade among all of those places during the time period that the daggers were made. Most of the daggers were found in grave circle A at Mycenae. How they were made   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The men who made the daggers found in the shaft graves were very skilled craftsmen. They showed contrast of color and of relief with the decoration of their work. On both sides of the daggers was a slotted silver or gold plate which would be decorated before being put on. They would decorate the plates with gold, silver, copper, alloys, and another technique known as niello. Niello is a black metallic alloy of sulphur, copper, silver, and usually lead, used as an inlay on engraved metal. It is considered painting in metal. The metal surface is brushed with a borax solution as a flux to help distribute the heat evenly, dusted with powdered niello, then heated. After cooling, the surface is scraped and shows a black pattern in the incised lines. The Egyptians are credited with originating niello decoration, which was practiced in classical times, spread throughout Europe during the middle ages, and came into high repute in the 15th century(Encyclopedia Britannica). Even though Egypt came up with the idea, you must note that it is native work, and not merely an imported article. (Web page, 7) The attitude of the figures and of the lions, and the form of the cat, are such as no Egyptian would have executed.(Web page, 7) After the plates were decorated, they used rivets rather than a soldering technique to put the parts together. They also used the technique of inlaying on the daggers when adding the gold portions. They would cut a narrow strip of gold from a thin sheet. Then they would make undercuts and dovetails wherever the gold would be going. After that they would then put the strip of gold over the undercuts, and use a hammer and a small wedge to bang the gold in. Decorations used on the daggers Daggers found in shaft graves during the bronze age :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The ornamental daggers of the late bronze age found in the shaft graves at Mycenae, that date between 1550, and 1500 B.C. were made by Cretans for the mainland market. Even though these daggers were made in Crete none have ever been found there. Some other places where similar daggers have been found are the island of Thera, Vapheio, Pylos, and the Argire Heraeum. This shows that there was trade among all of those places during the time period that the daggers were made. Most of the daggers were found in grave circle A at Mycenae. How they were made   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The men who made the daggers found in the shaft graves were very skilled craftsmen. They showed contrast of color and of relief with the decoration of their work. On both sides of the daggers was a slotted silver or gold plate which would be decorated before being put on. They would decorate the plates with gold, silver, copper, alloys, and another technique known as niello. Niello is a black metallic alloy of sulphur, copper, silver, and usually lead, used as an inlay on engraved metal. It is considered painting in metal. The metal surface is brushed with a borax solution as a flux to help distribute the heat evenly, dusted with powdered niello, then heated. After cooling, the surface is scraped and shows a black pattern in the incised lines. The Egyptians are credited with originating niello decoration, which was practiced in classical times, spread throughout Europe during the middle ages, and came into high repute in the 15th century(Encyclopedia Britannica). Even though Egypt came up with the idea, you must note that it is native work, and not merely an imported article. (Web page, 7) The attitude of the figures and of the lions, and the form of the cat, are such as no Egyptian would have executed.(Web page, 7) After the plates were decorated, they used rivets rather than a soldering technique to put the parts together. They also used the technique of inlaying on the daggers when adding the gold portions. They would cut a narrow strip of gold from a thin sheet. Then they would make undercuts and dovetails wherever the gold would be going. After that they would then put the strip of gold over the undercuts, and use a hammer and a small wedge to bang the gold in. Decorations used on the daggers

Harcourt Brace & Company Essay

The essence of the female self in Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse is one that encapsulates unity above a disparaging patriarchy. The second part of the book Time Passes emphasizes this point with the symbolism prevalent in the war. That is to say, that while men seek out self-pity as Mr. Ramsey does, as men seek to conquer and control through force or coercion as Mr. Ramsey does by trying to get his wife to tell him she loves him, women are the counterpart to this chaos. Virginia Woolf presents women in her novel as quite capable of being power figures while retaining a distinct feminine side. The following essay will present the argument that To the Lighthouse is a novel primarily observant of the differences of the traditional versus the modern female role. Both of these roles are presented accurately in Mrs. Ramsey’s personality. It is her dichotomy of the role of female that this paper will argue is the balance between modern and traditional woman. In Mrs. Ramsey’s character is found the conglomeration of both modern and traditional roles for women. She at once prioritizes herself to fit the needs and fulfill the needs of the men around her. For example, she offers her husband loving support whenever he reveals himself to be self-pitying. She does not chastise him but encourages hope in all of her relations with her husband. This means that even though as a modern woman she cannot bring herself to say the words I love you, she does in fact love him, and she shows it through analogy by agreeing with his mandates. One such mandate is that the trip to the lighthouse that their son James wants so fervently to go on cannot be accomplished because the weather the next day will be too rough of a voyage. Although Mrs. Ramsay does not tell her husband she loves him, her acquiesce to his command says as much. She is willing to allow her husband to know her feelings only through metaphor and symbols, not through actual words. This is very much a modern woman because a traditional woman would not have enough personality to oppose the wants of her husband by still giving him what he wants in a fashion. In addition, Mrs. Ramsay acquiesces with most of the men who are guests at the house. This shows the more traditional side of her as a woman. Her attention is more centered on the male guests needs than it is for the women who are also staying at the house. This focused attention proves that Mrs. Ramsey is being presented by Woolf in a more structured outline of the traditional woman. Mrs. Ramsey caters to the men’s needs in whatever capacity possible. However, she only caters to them because she believes they are not strong enough to support themselves or do too much of anything independently. She lavishes the men in the house will support in their direction and opinions because she believes they need constant attention because a they have fragile self-esteem. This self-esteem is emphasized with the portrayal Woolf delivers of Mr. Ramsey. Although Mrs. Ramsey supports and loves her husband, she too finds it difficult to constantly give him affirmation. Another capacity by which Mrs. Ramsey plays the traditional female role is through her motherhood. It is James that most of her attention is devoted. Even though James holds great resentment towards his father for denying him his wish to visit the lighthouse, Mrs. Ramsey persists in giving James hope that it may be possible. She does this not to promise something false but to keep alive in her son the sense of wonderment in life. This does not fit the description of a modern woman. The idea of tradition being enveloped inside of motherhood is one that Woolf delivers with exact replication with Mrs. Ramsey. With Augustus Carmichael, she behaves in the same fashion as she does with her son James and her husband. Mrs. Ramsey is not very fond of Augustus but when she makes a trip into town, she asks him if there is anything, he is in need of. She does this simple act of kindness because she believes in the good in people and is not a cynic. In the dichotomy of the traditional and modern female role the catering to the needs of men, even men for which a woman cares nothing for, it is in Mrs. Ramsey’s traditional female nature, her motherhood, to give to men their desires. According to Woolf in her novel, To the Lighthouse men are more like children than like adults. It is with men that wars are started (as is evident in the second part of the book). Men are centered on their ego; therefore, their world exists around them and everything is focused on their needs. Children are the same way. Children exist in their own world, and in this world, their desires are fulfilled indefinitely and unconditionally. By this statement, it is evident that the traditional role that Mrs. Ramsey fulfills in the novel is by the above definition a role she fulfills as a mother. Therefore, contingently, Mrs. Ramsey is not only at once fulfilling a traditional role, by also a modern female role. This is accomplished by Woolf through Mrs. Ramsay by presenting to the reader Mrs. Ramsey as a mother and by extension her role as a mother as it pertains to men. Mrs. Ramsey treats men the way she treats men (as children) because she is a mother. She is not subservient to men as a traditional female role would declare but instead as a mother she transcends the traditional role into the modern female role because she believes that men need her help because they are incapable of helping themselves. Mrs. Ramsey’s traditional role in the novel morphs into a modern role as the book progresses. In this progression, the reader can witness how Mrs. Ramsey changes her roles by small revelations that the character herself gives the reader. It is not therefore necessary to say that there exists a breadth of difference for Mrs. Ramsey between being a traditional woman to being a modern woman, but it is prevalent to state that by these small revelations to the audience into the depth of Mrs. Ramsey’s character that she was always intended to be portrayed as a modern woman. The transition between traditional to modern woman can more aptly be seen in Lily Briscoe’s character. At the beginning of the book, she is a traditional woman because she lacks self-confidence. She allows the opinion of the men in the house to undermine her work as a painter and by succumbing to their ideas; she is not a dominant character and therefore a modern woman. The traditional woman is seen as submissive and without threat to men’s opinions; Lily fulfills this in the first part of Woolf’s novel. Before the end of the first part of the book however, Lily is being presented with more of a modern woman personality. This is seen in her rejection of Mrs. Ramsey’s life. Mrs. Ramsey is representational of the traditional woman because she is married and she has children. With Lily’s character, Woolf designs a less likely candidate for motherhood. Lily cannot see herself fulfilling the role of a mother and so as the novel progresses her docile nature is surpassed by her stronger self; that is the self which denies tradition, foregoes motherhood and focuses on the self and its needs. The real transition of traditional to modern female roles can best be witnessed in the portrait Lily paints of Mrs. Ramsey. At the beginning of the novel, Lily attempts to bring to life the spirit of Mrs. Ramsey in a portrait. The men of the house give their stalwart opinions about its composition, its line, color, and size. Lily, in her traditional female role, tries to listen to each man and do what they believe would make a better painting. The painting is subsequently abandoned by Lily who signifies her unloading the opinions of others to try to find out what it is she wants to do. At the end of the novel, Lily once again picks up the painting in hopes of trying to finish it. With the second attempt at the painting, Lily realizes her own artistic vision. She is no longer plagued by following anyone else’s guidelines to her own art and begins painting with only her opinions in mind. Lily is dedicated to finishing the painting and does so with only her own voice to guide her. This revelation signifies the transition for Lily in Woolf’s novel from tradition female who panders to the male audience to a Lily who bears witness to her thoughts only. This means that Lily is strong enough as a woman to deny the right of anyone telling her how to attempt her own vision and to paint according to her own unique style. The painting is representational of how Lily was once burdened by the patriarch and egotistical opinions of the men in the house and at the close of the novel she is finally able to see the fruition of not only her painting but the audience can also see how Woolf lead the audience through Lily’s struggles and finally at the end she becomes her own woman. The accomplishment of the painting also represents how Lily feels on equal grounds with Mr. Ramsey. Mr. Ramsey being a symbol of all men and their facade of superiority is it significant that Lily finally feels on equal grounds with Mr. Ramsey because this means she has found self worth. This can best be seen in the fact that Lily is painting Mrs. Ramsey’s portrait in order to prove to Charles Tansley that women can paint and write. By finishing this painting Lily if proving not only to herself but also to men that women are more than capable of great artistic accomplishments. Self-worth is a primary attribute of the modern woman in Woolf novels, and To the Lighthouse is no exception. The pairing of these two women exemplifies how traditional roles and modern roles for women were enforced through patriarchy. The purpose of the novel and the emphasis on the roles of women and the fulfilling of these roles through Woolf’s characters portrays a significant divergence from typical feminist literature. Mrs. Ramsey affirms herself through her motherhood and the way in which this affects her view of all men; that they are more like children who need a guiding hand. Mr. Ramsey fulfills this role of ego and so the novel is complete with the victory of matriarchy over patriarchy even with the involvement of motherhood which is seen more as a traditional female role. It is with Lily however that a more complete vision of the modern woman may be seen. It is also, with her finishing the painting that the unity which Mrs. Ramsey sought at the beginning of the novel is accomplished. This unity is found in Lily realizing herself to be equal to the ego of man; in particular Mr. Ramsey. It is Mr. Ramsey, who, at the end of the novel becomes less significant because of his constant need for affirmation. Due to Lily not being able to give him this only proves that she has become a modern woman because Mrs. Ramsey as a traditional woman pandered to her husband’s needs but Lily has broken the tie between Mr. Ramsey’s wants herself. In closing it must be re-emphasized that while Mrs. Ramsey does portray a more traditional women she also transcends these lines by her own view of the world and her interaction with it. She gives men what they want because she feels as though they are in need of her guidance; the motherhood role. For Lily however who denies this role, she is a modern woman because she finally unfetters herself from the overwhelming voices of egoism and maleness in the house and by doing this she is finally able to finish her painting. It is with the painting that the true role of the modern woman is best expressed by Woolf. The modern woman, or Lily in the novel is a woman who is not in need of affirmation as the men were portrayed to be (i. e. Mr. Ramsey) but she is independent and follows through with her own artistic vision and voice. Bibliography Woolf, Virginia. (1981). To the Lighthouse. Harcourt Brace & Company. New York.

Critical Perspectives on Accounting Essay

In this article Marcus Milne provides critical overview and analysis of literature devoted to establishing evidence for positive accounting theory in regards of corporate social disclosure. The central argument of the paper is that positive accounting theorists are trying to colonize social and environmental accounting research. The present article is empirical research and the author employs qualitative and quantitative data to support the claim that positive accounting theory of social disclosure has failed in its endeavor. The author’s purpose is to challenge the perceptions of positive accounting theory and to illustrate why efforts of theorists to social and environmental accounting has failed. The author focuses on the original work of Watts and Zimmerman and tends to present their concern and ideas with the lobbying behavior observed in US oil companies. The companies were claimed to be monopolists and self-interested politicians that had pursued mainly wealth transfers in the form of taxes and other political costs. For them, social responsibility is passing remark. The article is useful to my research topic as Milne suggests that modern businesses and companies should be more concerned with social and environmental responsibility as our world’s resources are not unlimited. The main limitation of the article is that only one original work is incorporated – the article presents one viewpoint without presenting multiple views on the problem. The author indicates that literature on positive accounting theory has failed to provide arguments for self-interested managers’ wealth maximizes. The article will be useful supplementary information for my research on social and environmental responsibility.

How to Dress Professionally When Its Blazing Hot Out

How to Dress Professionally When Its Blazing Hot Out It’s summer! It took a while for those of us in colder climates to get to this point, but it’s finally  time to store the sweaters and place your cute warm weather gear at the front of your closet. So it’s 90 degrees out and you need to figure out a way to stay cool, look cute, and somehow also dress professionally- not the easiest combo to master. It is important to keep in mind that, even in this day of casual work cultures, there are still rules and norms that govern what we should and should not wear to the office. And to make matters even more confusing, on top of that, there is always a unique, often unspoken, code in every workplace. Try to figure out what yours is, but also follow these fairly safe rules of thumb to make sure your summer wardrobe doesn’t keep you from fall employment or the respect you deserve.1. Check the rule book, if there is one.Some companies actually have a rule book or employee manual- if you weren’t given one when you started, HR can give you a copy. Check this first to see whether there are any dress policies or bits of intel you can pick up about your summer outfit planning. Err on the side of caution when it comes to baring flesh.2. Follow the grandma rule.When in doubt, look at your outfit. If you would be embarrassed wearing it to meet your grandmother for lunch, then it’s probably not right for the office. This is particularly true for women, who will be judged more often when they bare any skin at all. Dress for your own version of success, not others, but do keep in mind the double standards and injustices of perception out there and make sure to keep yourself†¦ covered, metaphorically speaking (and sometimes actually).3. Err on the side of â€Å"not short.†If there’s a question in your mind as to whether shorts (or short skirts) are appropriate for your workplace, that probably means you haven’t seen anyone in such attire at the office. Take that as a sign and leave your barest-leg ensembles for the weekends. Instead, to stay cool, aim for a skirt that at least hits the knee: summery and smart! (The same rules apply to crop tops: save them for the weekend.)4. Keep the shoes classy.No, you can’t wear flip flops to the office. Yes, you can wear sandals, just try to minimize the amount of bare foot you show on any given day. It’s probably best to avoid shoes with open backs, though if you must, choose slides instead of flops.5. Summer denim is probably too casual.Jeans are one thing, especially if your office tends casual. Times have changed, and a nice dark jean is usually fine. But summer denim is another story: if you give way to the jean section of your closet, you’ll be tempted to wear jorts and jumpers and shorts. Don’t. You can probably get away with a denim shift dress, but any other short denim should stay at home.If you overheat, try lots of lighter fabrics and brighter, breezier colors. If you then get too cold because of overzealous air conditioning, make sure to bring a light sweater to keep yourself warm. And the upside of not baring too much skin, particularly on your legs, is that you won’t need to worry about working through the inevitable goosebumps.Dress smart, and have a great working summer!

Argumentative Essay

Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay Argumentative Essay Argumentative essay must be developed on specific arguments.   It is a must.   Argumentative essay can be based on your personal opinion; however, it will be weak if you do not provide specific examples supporting your point of view.   From the first lines of your argumentative essay, your position on the discussed issue should be clear to the reader.   Nevertheless, it does not mean that you should not mention an opposite opinions.   On the contrary, your argumentative essay should include specific references to other side of the debate.   Writing an argumentative essay about smoking ban, for example, you should definitely think about both sides of the argument, choose the one you support, explain why it is right as well as mention why the other side is wrong.   If you use secondary sources (articles, journals, books, and the Internet), you must give a credit to the author - do not forget to cite everything you use! Writing an Argumentative Essay Writing an essay you must avoid plagiarism!   Your argumentative essay must be written in your own words.   Take into account that paraphrasing is the same as plagiarism!   Plan your time wisely to avoid rush.   It is possible to write a good argumentative essay overnight for an experienced writer; but it is hardly achievable for an average student.   Thus, give yourself at least a couple of days to write, structure, and revise your argumentative essay.   Do not forget about argumentative essay editing - ask your friend or a parent to read your essay aloud. Does it sound convincing?   Does it flow logically? Argumentative Essay Writing Every step of argumentative essay writing must be carefully reviewed.   You cannot simply submit an essay without even reading it for the second time.   Usually, there are many mistakes you may not have noticed. For example, you had an idea in mind but did not express it clearly or omitted the word.   Such mistakes are not very serious but they will definitely affect your grade negatively.   Ordering custom writing service, you receive perfect argumentative essay written by experienced writer.   You may ask for revisions and amendments as many times as you want.   Argumentative essay is very interesting to write but it becomes a real challenge if you do not know how to start writing it.

Environmental science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Environmental science - Essay Example This paper addresses these three environmental factors, shows how these factors are being influenced by humans and tries to suggest useful strategies and methods to reduce their harmful impacts on human life. Introduction Environmental factors play a pivotal role in maintaining human well being and quality of life. However, man’s indiscriminate actions have resulted in large scale environmental pollution and subsequent adverse impacts. Man can influence environmental factors to a large extend either positively or negatively. This paper seeks to address three environmental factors-renewable resources, biodiversity loss and pollution. The growing amount of greenhouse gas emissions have prompted the international community to think in terms of renewable resources. Similarly, biodiversity has been proved to be a significant environment factor as its loss adversely affects the functioning of ecosystems. In the same way, air, water and land pollutions have contributed towards a numb er of health related concerns. It is thus evident that unless and until these environmental factors are adequately managed or prevented these will culminate in the destruction of the entire mankind. Thus the paper also seeks to suggest certain recommendations and preventive strategies through which these environmental factors could well be brought under control. Environmental Factors I. Renewable resources It has been identified that increased amount of conventional oil consumption contribute to greater CO2 emissions which will be harmful to the environment. Therefore, it is high time that major oil companies globally respond to climate changes through alternative technologies and emissions reduction. This necessitates the reduction of carbon emissions, more focus on natural gas and biofuels, carbon capture and storage and the prevention of atmospheric greenhouse gases. While oil, petroleum and coal produce air, water and solid wastes the pollutions created by natural gas are compar atively low. The increased demand for energy and the growing environmental pollutions from non-renewable sources have forced world nations to turn to renewable energy sources such as the solar power, hydropower projects, and wind energies. Humans have often failed to understand the environmental impacts of the overuse of non-renewable resources. On the other hand, the potential power of renewable energy sources to limit climate change is well documented. For Kleijn and Van der Voet (2010) a transition to a renewable based energy system is essential for tackling climate change. For them ‘a renewable based hydrogen economy’ becomes more of eco friendly and the â€Å"world receives ample energy from the sun that can be harvested by PV solar cells and, indirectly, by wind turbines† (Kleijn and Van der Voet, 2010, p. 2784). A large scale global investment in renewable energy is essential from the part of well to do countries and such a step is expected that renewable energies will bring about social, economic and environmental benefits to many developing nations. Similarly, renewable resources are proved to be more conducive to the protection of natural ecosystems as it prevents health issues by reducing exposure to pollutants. Therefore, the best way to derivate energy from renewable sources is the transmission of energy from the source and as such solar energy has proved to be the most

Viktor Lowenfeld's developmental Stages of Art Essay

Viktor Lowenfeld's developmental Stages of Art - Essay Example The acts of scribbling are just simple records of enjoyable kinesthetic activity and were not meant to visualize something. The scribbles are characterized by irregular patterns of lines and curves as shown by the sample work below. The pre-schematic age occur between ages 4-7. Arts in this stage ranges from simple forms of circles and lines that visualize something to a clearer representation of symbols and schema of something from the environment. There is no understanding of space and figures are just placed haphazardly. The figures below are typical of an early pre-schematic stage art and a transition from scribbling stage to pre-schematic stage. Between ages 7-9 the child's arts are a little conscious about space already. Minor details are present such as the arms and feet, and the arts are aware on the use of baseline. The schema this time is a definite way of portraying the subject but tends to exaggerate on something the child wanted to emphasize. More often objects come in groups and not just a single figure as a show of the child's social development. The stage between ages 9-11 is characterized by expression of arts with more realistic details. The use of three-dimensional space is now apparent with perspective characteristics. Details as to sex, age, and sizes are more pronounced.

Is terrorism ever justified Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Is terrorism ever justified - Essay Example It is, by its nature, defined and thought to be wrong no matter which society or which culture. Even within war, terror tactics are usually ruled out by the principles of justice in war. This is because the destructive force is deliberately aimed at innocent targets. The just war doctrine says that it might be permissible to harm innocent civilians if this harm is an unintentional side effect of a legitimate military goal. Terrorists are not concerned about morality or the ethics of the terrorist act. In fact, they deliberately seek to attack these very concepts in order to draw attention to themselves and highlight their actions in order to realize their goals. Baljit Singh (1990) wrote that terror incorporates two facets, namely: a state of fear within and individual or a group and the tool that induces the state of fear. These very dimensions to the terrorist acts are inherently inhumane and illegitimate tainting its end results no matter how successful they are. One should rememb er that the masses do not rally to terrorist causes. If terrorism is successful in using terror to shape public policy, then our world would be plunged into chaos as the line between what is right and wrong in conflicts is blurred. The 2004 Madrid bombing which killed 200 people and killing thousands more led to the installation of a party to power that might not otherwise be elected. (Jenkins 2004, p. 21) We also have the successes of terrorist organizations to remove democratic governments such as those in Uruguay and Argentina. If these trends are left unchecked, groups will be emboldened to use it as an instrument to achieve political end and that some states could inevitably sanction the same terrorist strategies in order to combat either domestic opposition or influence international affairs. There are scholars who argue that terrorism is an aggrieved group resorting to violence for nationalist or separatist reasons and that it could be considered as

Analysis of Family Waste Production

Analysis of Family Waste Production What is the amount of waste produced by my household Over 42 million cubic meters of general waste is generated every year across the country, with the largest proportion coming from Gauteng (42%). In addition, more than 5 million cubic meters of hazardous waste are produced every year, mostly in Mpumalanga and KZN due to the increase of mining activities and fertilizer production. The amount of waste generated by the average South African is  ± 0.7 kg’s. Which means the average 4 person families produces  ± 2.8 kg’s a day. But the largest contributors to the solid waste stream by far is mining waste ( ± 72.3%), followed by pulverized fuel ash ( ± 6.7%), agricultural waste ( ± 6.1%), urban waste ( ± 4.5%) and sewage sludge ( ± 3.6%). Estimated decomposition rates of most debris found in landfills are: Foamed plastic cups: 50 years Plastic beverage holder: 400 years Disposable diapers: 450 year Plastic bottle: 450 years Fishing line: 600 years. Glass bottle 1 million years Aluminum can: 80-200 years Plastic beverage bottles: 450 years Boot sole: 50-80 years Tin can: 50 years Leather: 50 years Nylon fabric: 30-40 years Plastic film canister: 20-30 years Plastic bag: 10-20 years () Cigarette filter: 1-5 years Wool sock: 1-5 years Plywood: 1-3 years Waxed milk carton: 3 months Apple core: 2 months Newspaper: 6 weeks Paper: 2 to 5 months Banana peel: 2-5 weeks Orange peel: 6 months Paper towel: 2-4 weeks Batteries: 100 years [figure 1.1 in appendix 1] The percentage contribution of each waste stream to the composition of general waste is illustrated in Figure 1 [Appendix 3]. Non-recyclable municipal waste contributes 34% (by weight) of the overall general waste, construction and demolition waste, 21%, followed by metals (14%), organic waste 13% and mainline recyclables (including paper, plastics, glass and tyres )(18%). {See reference page Ref. for sourcing} Hypothesis My family produces a average amount of waste. Aim The aim of this experiment is to view and record my households daily waste generation and compare it to the average waste production of the average South African family. Apparatus Kitchen scale Bag (for measuring weight of bag not included in results) Paper (recording results) Pen (writing down results) Variables Independent Variables The amount of people in my household (does not changed by choice) Dependent variables The amount of waste produced by my household Fixed variables The bag used to take measurements When I take the measurements Method Take the trash and dived it into 6 different categories (glass, plastic, tin, paper cardboard, organics and non-recyclables). Weigh each category separately and record the results Calculate the total for the day Repeat daily for a week calculating the total at the end of the week as well as the averages of each category Repeat for 3 weeks See appendix 2 for results Conclusion I have to say that my results are inconclusive because my findings fluctuate and I was unable to undertake more tests. To improve my results I would Extent the testing period to about least 5 months instead of 3 weeks to view if the results change according to season My household recycles  ± 95% of all of its recyclable materials and all organic materials are either fed to the animals or are thrown onto a compost heap (apart from bones) My family will soon institute a policy of cutting down on the amount of Non-recycleable materials purchased Figure 1.1: Johannesburg city landfill The following tables contain the results of the experiment all measurements are in kilograms Figure 3.1 [The waste composition for general waste, 2011 (percentage by mass), other, which is mainly biomass waste from industrial sources) ] {See reference page Ref 1 for sourcing} Graph and percentages have been adapted from the national waste information baseline report draft 6, 5 September 2012 Published by: Department of Environmental Affairs Monkeyland: South African waste facts http://www.monkeyland.co.za/index.php?comp=articleop=viewid=2790

Cleopatra :: History Biography Cleopatra Essays

Cleopatra Cleopatra VII was known for the love she had of her country, a love so great that would lead her to any means necessary for the good of it. She was born into a Macedonian family who had power and rule over Egypt. They were descended from Ptolemy I, a general of Alexander the Great who became king of Egypt after Alexander's death in 323 BC. â€Å"The ptolemaic dynasty was interlocked in goodwill and bad with the other Hellenistic states that had been wrenched out of portions of Alexander’s empire† (Huzar, 187). In this paper I will discuss who she was, and the measures she would she would go to for the good of her country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cleopatra VII was born in 69 BC in Egypt. Her father was Egypt's pharaoh, Ptolemy XII, nicknamed Auletes or "Flute-Player." Cleopatra's mother was probably Auletes's sister, Cleopatra V Tryphaena. She had two older sisters, Cleopatra VI and Berenice IV. She also had a younger sister, Arsinole IV. There were also two younger brothers, Ptolemy XIII and Ptolemy XIV. When their father died in 51 BC, he left the rule of the kingdom to Cleopatra VII and her younger brother Ptolemy XIV. She married him, a twelve-year-old. This was not out of love for him, but out of wanting to rule. In order for her to rule she must have a consort, either brother or son.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cleopatra is one of the most talked about figures in ancient history. â€Å"She possessed many titles. Among them was Thea Neotera, the New Goddess, an echo of that great earlier Cleopatra Thea; and Philadelphus, lover of her brothers. Other titles include Philopator, lover of father, and Philopatris, lover of country. † (Grant1, 198). It was said by some that she was beautiful and irresistible. When portrayed on film she is a ravishing beauty. Others would argue that her beauty was internal rather than external; that her looks are not at all what attracted the great men of her time but her intellect and personality. She was an educated woman who could speak several languages, knew of geography, and could talk of politics. This was rare at the time, for not many women could. â€Å"Cleopatra formed a mighty plan to revive the great Ptolemaic Empire of the past by maintaining associations with two successive leaders, Julius Caesar and Marcus Antonius, who both in turn became her lovers.† (Grant, 17).

Smart Material

â€Å"SMART MATERIALS† ABSTRACT The world has undergone two materials ages, the plastics age and the composite age, during the past centuries. In the midst of these two ages a new era has developed. This is the smart materials era. According to early definitions, smart materials are materials that respond to their environments in a timely manner. The definition of smart materials has been expanded to materials that receive, transmit or process a stimulus and respond by producing a useful effect that may include a signal that the materials are acting upon it. Smart materials cover a wide and developing range of technologies.A particular type of smart material, known as chromogenics, can be used for large areaglazing in buildings, automobiles, planes, and for certain types of electronic display. Smart materials have been around for many years and they have found a large number of applications. There are many types of the materials present some of them listed below: Shape memory alloy 2) Piezoelectric materials 3) Magnetostrictive materials 4) Magneto- and electro-rheological materials 5) Chromic materials Due to the property of responding quickly with environment and many applications in daily life smart materials deserve a great future scope.I. INTRODUCTION Smart materials have been around for many years and they have found a large number of applications. The use of the terms ‘smart' and ‘intelligent' to describe materials and systems came from the US and started in the 1980? s despite the fact that some of these so-called smart materials had been around for decades. Many of the smart materials were developed by government agencies working on military and aerospace projects but in recent years their use has transferred into the civil sector for applications in the construction, transport, medical, leisure and domestic areas.The first problem encountered with these unusual materials is defining what the word† smart? actually means. One di ctionary definition of smart describes something which is a stute or ‘operating as if by human intelligence' and this is what smart materials are. A and back again when you return inside. This coating is made from a smart material which is described as being photochromic. There are many groups of smart materials, each exhibiting particular properties which can be harnessed in a variety of high-tech and everyday applications. These include shape memory smart material is one which reacts to its environment aby itself.The change is inherent to the material and not a result of some change in volume, a change in colour or a change in viscosity and this may occur in response to a change in temperature, stress, electrical current, or magnetic field. In many cases this reaction is reversible, a common example being the coating on spectacles which reacts to the level of UV light, turning your ordinary glasses into sunglasses when you go outside alloys, piezoelectric materials, magneto- rheological and electro-rheological materials, magnetostrictive materials and chromic materials which change their colour in reaction to various stimuli.The distinction between a smart material and a smartstructure should be emphasised. A smart structure incorporates some form of actuator and sensor (which may be made from smart materials) with control hardware and software to form a system which reacts to its environment. Such a structure might be an aircraft wing which continuously alters its profile during flight to give the optimum shape for the operating conditions at the time. II SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS Shape memory alloys (SMAs) are one of the most well known types of smart material and they have found extensive uses in the 70 years since their discoveryWhat are SMAs? A shape memory transformation was first observed in 1932 in an alloy of gold and cadmium, and then later in brass in 1938. The shape memory effect (SME) was seen in the gold-cadmium alloy in 1951, but this was of li ttle use. Some ten years later in 1962 an equiatomic alloy of titanium and nickel was found to exhibit a significant SME and Nitinol (so named because it is made from nickel and titanium and its properties were discovered at the Naval Ordinance Laboratories) has become the most common SMA.Other SMAs include those based on copper (in particular CuZnAl), NiAl and FeMnSi, though it should be noted that the NiTi alloy has by far the most superior properties. How do SMAs work? The SME describes the process of a material changing shape or remembering a particular shape at a specific temperature (i. e. its transformation or memory temperature). Materials which can only exhibit the shape change or memory effect once are known as one way SMAs. However some alloys can betrained to show a two-way effect in which they remember two shapes, one below and one above the memory temperature.At the memory temperature the alloy undergoes a solid state phase transformation. That is, the crystal structur e of the material changes resulting in a volume or shape change and this change in structure is called a„thermoelastic martensitic transformation?. This effect occurs as the material has a martensitic microstructure below the transformation temperature, which is characterised by a zig-zag arrangement of the atoms, known as twins. The martensitic structure is relatively soft and is easily deformed by removing the twinned structure.The material has an austenitic structure above the memory temperature, which is much stronger. To change from the martensitic or deformed structure to the austenitic shape the material is simply heated through the memory temperature. Cooling down again reverts the alloy to the martensitic state as shown in Figure 1. The shape change may exhibit itself as either an expansion or contraction. The transformation temperature can be tuned to within a couple of degrees by changing the alloy composition.Nitinol can be made with a transformation temperature an ywhere between –100? C and +100? C which makes it very versatile. Where are SMAs used? Shape memory alloys have found a large number of uses in aerospace, medicine and the leisure industry. A few of these applications are described below. Medical applications Quite fortunately Nitinol is biocompatible, that is, it can be used in the body without an adverse reaction, so it has found a number of medical uses. These include stents in which rings of SMA wire hold open a polymer tube to pen up a blocked vein , blood filters, and bone plates which contract upon transformation to pull the two ends of the broken bone in to closer contact and encourage more rapid healing . It is possible that SMAs could also find use in dentistry for orthodontic braces which straighten teeth. The memory shape of the material is made to be the desired shape of the teeth. This is then deformed to fit the teeth as they are and the memory is activated by the temperature of the mouth. The SMART exerts enou gh force as it contracts to move the teeth slowly and gradually.Surgical tools, particularly those used in key hole surgery may also be made from SMAs. These tools are often often bent to fit the geometry of a particular patient, however, in order for them to be used again they return to a default shape upon sterilisation in an autoclave. Still many years away is the use of SMAs as artificial muscles, i. e. simulating the expansion and contraction of human muscles. This process will utilise a piece of SMA wire in place of a muscle on the finger of a robotic hand.When it is heated, by passing an electrical current through it, the material expands and straightens the joint, on cooling the wire contracts again bending the finger again In reality this is incredibly difficult to achieve since complex software and surrounding systems are also required. Figure 1 – Change in structure associated with the shape memory effect. NASA have been researching the use of SMA muscles in robots which walk, fly and swim! Domestic applications SMAs can be used as actuators which exert a force associated with the shape change, and this can be repeated over many thousands of cycles.Applications include springs which are incorporated in to greenhouse windows such that they open and close themselves at a given temperature. Along a similar theme are pan lids which incorporate an SMA spring in the steam vent. When the spring is heated by the boiling water in the pan it changes shape and opens the vent, thus preventing the pan from boiling over and maintaining efficient cooking. The springs are similar to those shown in Figure 5. SMAs can be used to replace bimetallic strips in many domestic applications.SMAs offer the advantage of giving a larger deflection and exerting a stronger force for a given change in temperature. They can be used in cut out switches for kettles and other devices, security door locks, fire protection devices such as smoke alarms and cooking safety indicato rs (for example for checking the temperature of a roast joint). Aerospace applications A more high tech application is the use of SMA wire to control the flaps on the trailing edge of aircraft wings.The flaps are currently controlled by extensive hydraulic systems but these could be replaced by wires which are resistance heated, by passing a current along them, to produce the desired shape change. Such a system would be considerably simpler than the conventional hydraulics, thus reducing maintenance and it would also decrease the weight of the system. Manufacturing applications SMA tubes can be used as couplings for connecting two tubes. The coupling diameter is made slightly smaller than the tubes it is to join. The coupling is deformed such that it slips over the tube ends and the temperature changed to activate the memory.The coupling tube shrinks to hold the two ends together but can never fully transform so it exerts a constant force on the joined tubes. Why are SMAs so flexibl e? In addition to the shape memory effect, SMAs are also known to be very flexible or super elastic, which arises from the structure of the martensite. This property Of SMARTs has also been exploited for example in mobile phone aerials, spectacle frames and the underwire in bras. The kink resistance of the wires makes them useful in surgical tools which need to remain straight as they are passed through the body.Nitinol can be bent significantly further than stainless steel without suffering permanent deformation. Another rather novel application of SMAs which combines both the thermal memory and super elastic properties of these materials is in intelligent fabrics. Very fine wires are woven in to ordinary polyester cotton fabric. Since the material is super elastic the wires spring back to being straight even if the fabric is screwed up in a heap at the bottom of the washing basket! So creases fall out of the fabric, giving you a true non-iron garment!In addition the wires in the s leeves have a memory which is activated at a given temperature (for example 38 C) causing the sleeves to roll themselves up and keeping the wearer cool. PIIEZOELECTRIIC MATERIIALS The piezoelectric effect was discovered in 1880 by Jaques and Pierre Curie who conducted a number of experiments using quartz crystals. This probably makes piezoelectric materials the oldest type of smart material. These materials, which are mainly ceramics, have since found a number of uses. What is the piezoelectric effect?The piezoelectric effect and electrostriction are opposite phenomena and both relate a shape change with voltage. As with SMAs the shape change is associated with a change in the crystal structure of the material and piezoelectric materials also exhibit two crystalline forms. One form is ordered and this relates to the polarisation of the molecules. The second state is nonpolarised and this is disordered. If a voltage is applied to the non-polarised material a shape change occurs as th e molecules reorganise to align in the electrical field. This is known as electrostriction.Conversely, an electrical field is generated if a mechanical force is applied to the material to change its shape. This is the piezoelectric effect. The main advantage of these materials is the almost instantaneous change in the shape of the material or the generation of an electrical field. What materials exhibit this effect? The piezoelectric effect was first observed in quartz and various other crystals such as tourmaline. Barium titanate and cadmium sulphate have also been shown to demonstrate the effect but by far the most commonly used piezoelectric ceramic today is lead zirconium titanate (PZT).The physical properties of PZT can be controlled by changing the chemistry of the material and how it is processed. There are limitations associated with PZT; like all ceramics it is brittle giving rise to mechanical durability issues and there are also problems associated with joining it with ot her components in a system. Where are piezoelectric materials used? The main use of piezoelectric ceramics is in actuators. An actuator can be described as a component or material which converts energy (in this case electrical) in to mechanical form.When a electric field is applied to the piezoelectric material it changes its shape very rapidly and very precisely in accordance with the magnitude of the field. Applications exploiting the electrostrictive effect of piezoelectric materials include actuators in the semiconductor industry in the systems used for handling silicon wafers, in the microbiology field in microscopic cell handling systems, in fibre optics and acoustics, in ink-jet printers where fine movement control is necessary and for vibration damping.The piezoelectric effect can also be used in sensors which generate an electrical field in response to a mechanical force. This is useful in damping systems and earthquake detection systems in buildings. But the most well know n application is in the sensors which deploy car airbags. The material changes in shape with the impact thus generating a field which deploys the airbag. A novel use of these materials, which exploits both the piezoelectric and electrostrictive effects, is in smart skis which have been designed to perform well on both soft and hard snow. Piezoelectric sensors detect vibrations (i. e. he shape of the ceramic detector is changed resulting in the generation of a field) and the electrostrictive property of the material is then exploited by generating an opposing shape change to cancel out the vibration. The system uses three piezoelectric elements which detect and cancel out large vibrations in real time since the reaction time of the ceramics is very small . By passing an alternating voltage across these materials a vibration is produced. This process is very efficient and almost all of the electrical energy is converted into motion. Possible uses of this property are silent alarms for pagers which fit into a wrist watch.The vibration is silent at low frequencies but at high frequencies an audible sound is also produced. This leads to the concept of solid state speakers based on piezoelectric materials which could also be miniaturised. Do polymers exhibit these effects? Ionic polymers work in a similar way to piezoelectric ceramics, however they need to be wet to function. An electrical current is passed through the polymer when it is wet to produce a change in its crystal structure and thus its shape. Muscle fibres are essentially polymeric and operate in a similar way, so research in this field has focussed on potential uses in medicine. ature of the piezoelectric effect making them invaluable for the niche applications which they occupy. MAGNETOSTRIICTIIVE MATERIIALS Magnetostrictive materials are similar to piezoelectric and electrostrictive materials except the change in shape is related to a magnetic field rather than an electrical field. What are magnetost rictive materials? Magnetostrictive materials convert magnetic to mechanical energy or vice versa. The magnetostrictive effect was first observed in 1842 by James Joule who noticed that a sample of nickel exhibited a change in length when it was magnetised.The other ferromagnetic elements (cobalt and iron) were also found to demonstrate the effect as were alloys of these materials. During the 1960s terbium and dysprosium were also found to be magnetostrictive but only at low temperatures which limited their use, despite the fact that the size change was many times greater than that of nickel. The most common magnetostrictive material today is called TERFENOL-D (terbium (TER), iron (FE), Naval Ordanance Laboratory (NOL) and dysprosium (D)). This alloy of terbium, iron and dysprosium shows a large magnetostrictive effect and is used in transducers and actuators.The original observation of the magnetostrictive effect became known as the Joule effect, but other effects have also been ob served. The Villari effect is the opposite of the Joule effect, that is applying a stress to the material causes a change in its magnetization. Applying a torsional force to a magnetostrictive material generates a helical magnetic field and this is known as the Matteuci effect. Its inverse is the Wiedemann effect in which the material twists in the presence of a helical magnet field.How do magnetostrictive materials work? Magnetic materials contain domains which can be likened to tiny magnets within the material. When an external magnetic field is applied the domains rotate to align with this field and this results in a shape change as. Conversely if the material is squashed or stretched by means of an external force the domains are forced to move and this causes a change in the magnetisation. Where are magnetostrictive materials used? Magnetostrictive materials can be used as both actuators (where a magnetic ield is applied to cause a shape change) and sensors (which convert a move ment into a magnetic field). In actuators the magnetic field is usually generated by passing an electrical current along a wire. Likewise the electrical current generated by the magnetic field arising from a shape change is usually measured in sensors. Early applications of magnetostrictive materials included telephone receivers, hydrophones, oscillators and scanning sonar. The development of alloys with better properties led to the use of these materials in a wide variety of applications.Ultrasonic magnetostrictive transducers have been used in ultrasonic cleaners and surgical tools. Other applications include hearing aids, razorblade sharpeners, linear motors, damping systems, positioning equipment, and sonar. MAGNETO– AND ELECTRO RHEOLOGIICAL MATERIIALS All of the groups of smart materials discussed so far have been based on solids. However, there are also smart fluids which change their rheological properties in accordance with their environment. What are smart fluids? Th ere are two types of smart fluids which were both discovered in the 1940s.Electro-rheological (ER) materials change their properties with the application of an electrical field and consist of an insulating oil such as mineral oil containing a dispersion of solid particles (early experiments used starch, stone, carbon, silica, gypsum and lime). Magnetorheological materials (MR) are again based on a mineral or silicone oil carrier but this time the solid dispersed within the fluid is a magnetically soft material (such as iron) and the properties of the fluid are altered by applying a magnetic field. In both cases the dispersed particles are of the order of microns in size.How do smart fluids work? In both cases the smart fluid changes from a fluid to a solid with the application of the relevant field. The small particles in the fluid align and are attracted to each other resulting in a dramatic change in viscosity as shown in Figure 7. The effect takes milliseconds to occur and is com pletely reversible by the removal of the field. Figure 8 clearly shows the effect of a magnet on such an MR fluid. With ER fluids a field strength of up to 6kV/mm is needed and for MR fluids a magnetic field of less than 1Tesla is needed. Where are smart fluids used?Uses of these unusual materials in civil engineering, robotics and manufacturing Electrodes Suspension fluid Particle Figure 7 – Schematic diagram showing the structure of a electrorheological fluid between two electrodes. The top figure shows the structure in a low field strength where the particles are randomly distributed. When a higher field strength is applied, as in the bottom diagram, the particles align causing a change in the viscosity of the fluid. Figure 8 – A puddle of magnetorheological fluid stiffens in the presence of a magnetic field. courtesy of Sandy Hill / University of Rochester) are being explored. But the first industries to identify uses were the automotive and aerospace industries wh ere the fluids are used in vibration damping and variable torque transmission. MR dampers are used to control the suspension in cars to allow the feel of the ride to be varied. Dampers are also used in prosthetic limbs to allow the patient to adapt to various movements for example the change from running to walking. Future Scope: The future of smart materials and structures is wide open.The use of smart materials in a product and the type of smart structures that one can design are only limited by one’s talents, capabilities, and ability to ‘‘think outside the box. ’’ In an early work5 and as part of short courses there were discussions pertaining to future considerations. A lot of the brainstorming that resulted from these efforts is now being explored. Some ideas that were in the conceptual stage are now moving forward. Look at the advances in information and comforts provided through smart materials and structures in automobiles. Automobiles can b e taken to a garage for service and be hooked p to a diagnostic computer that tells the mechanic what is wrong with the car. Or a light on the dashboard signals ‘‘maintenance required. ’’ Would it not be better for the light to inform us as to the exact nature of the problem and the severity of it? This approach mimics a cartoon that appeared several years ago of an air mechanic near a plane in a hanger. The plane says ‘‘Ouch’’ and the mechanic says ‘‘Where do you hurt? ’’ One application of smart materials is the work mentioned earlier of piezoelectric inkjet printer that serves as a chemical delivery to print organic light-emitting polymers in a fine detail on various media.Why not take the same application to synthesize smaller molecules? With the right set one could synthesize smaller molecules in significant amounts for characterization and evaluation and in such a way that we could design experiments with relative ease. A new class of smart materials has appeared in the literature. This is the group of smart adhesives. We previously mentioned that PVDF film strips have been placed within an adhesive joint to monitor performance. Khongtong and Ferguson developed a smart adhesive at Lehigh University. 0 They suggested that this new adhesive could form an antifouling coating for boat hulls or for controlling cell adhesion in surgery. The stickiness of the new adhesive can be switched on and off with changes in temperature. The smart adhesive also becomes water repellent when its tackiness wanes. 50 The term ‘‘smart adhesive’’ is appearing more frequently in the literature. A topic of research that was in the literature a few years ago was ‘‘smart clothes’’ or ‘‘wearable computers’’ being studied at MIT. The potential of this concept is enormous. This sounds wonderful as long as we learn how to work smart er, not longer.CONCLUSION: From the abilities of the smart material to respond the environmental changes the conclusion arises that ‘‘smart’’ in the name do not meet the definition of being smart, that is, responding to the environment in a reversible manner. Due to their properties they must deserve a great future. REFERENCES [1]Mechanical Engineers’ Handbook: Materials and Mechanical Design, Volume 1, Third Edition. Edited by Myer Kutz. [2]www. memorymetals. co. uk [3] www. nitinol. com [4] www. sma-inc. com [5]www. cs. ualberta. ca/~database/MEMS/sma_mems/sma. html [6]http://virtualskies. arc. nasa. gov/research/youdecide/Shapememalloys. html

Religious and Ethnic Groups Paper Essay

There is a lot of diversity when it comes to religion and race, mostly because of the lack of understanding each of them. If we take the time to learn a little bit about them I think that it will open our eyes and let us be more accepting of whom they are. Although there is a lot of discrimination in the world today we are still a lot more understanding than our ancestors where. The religious group that I have chosen is Jehovah’s Witnesses because they are more shunned against than any other religion I know. As for the ethnic group I chose is Black (African descent) because it seems to me that they are more discriminated against than any other race. Jehovah’s Witnesses beliefs are somewhat similar to the Christian beliefs, for example, they rely on the authority of the Bible, worship only one God and trust in Jesus’ death and resurrection for salvation. Some of the differences from the other religions are that they reject the doctrine of the Trinity and the existence of Hell, believes that Gods name is Jehovah, and they also believe the Holy Spirit to be Gods active force. They also believe that only 144,000 people will go to Heaven to rule with God and those that are left on earth that are deemed worthy will live in a restored Garden of Eden. Witnesses also believe that the purpose of Jesus incarnation of earth was threefold, which are as follows, To teach the truth about God, To provide a model of perfect life for people to follow, and To sacrifice his life to set humans free from sin and death. It is their belief that Jesus was not nailed to a cross but rather a single upright stake and that God raised Jesus fro m the dead, as a spirit creature, and he returned to Heaven, but that he was not made King until 1914. Witnesses try to push their religion onto other people without even taking that they already have a religion into consideration. They go door-to-door and try to get others to believe the way they do and also try to convert people with other religion. This causes people to become very upset and sometimes they  become very aggressive and violent towards the Witnesses. There tends to be a lot of very heated discussions on whether their beliefs are what is right and others beliefs are wrong no matter if they worship the same God or not. There are several ways that Witnesses have contributed to the American culture over the years, for example, they have administered functions called â€Å"The Society† and the â€Å"Watch Tower Society†, which they have used to put out their version of the word of God. They have won several court cases in which it has let people have their own religious freedoms to worship as they please. Witnesses have also made it to where you can have an operation and not have to accept a blood transfusion since because of their religion they do not believe in getting. There are several different procedures now that can be done without a transfusion when one was needed the way they done the surgery before. In their religion they are extremely discriminated against because of how they worship and what they believe. The sources of this prejudice is from the people but also mainly from the government because of their concern that it is wrong for them to spread the word the way they do, so to speak. For example, the French government branded them a â€Å"Dangerous Sect.†, and 71 Kingdom Halls where vandalized, burned and shot at and also fire bombed because of how they worshipped. French officials also publically called them criminals and taxed 60 percent on their religion and conveniently forgetting to tax other religions. Also Moscow even went as far as to outlaw their religion and said that they cannot even have a house of worship nor could they practice their faith in the privacy of their own home. There are several other ways that this religion has been discriminated against because of what they believe and how they choose to worship even though when it comes right down to it in the end we all really believe in the same outcome. I have learned a lot about this religion from the research that I have done and I do believe it has helped me understand them more because in the beginning I had no clue exactly what they believed in or how they even practiced their faith. Although I don’t agree with some of the things that they do and some of the ways that they perceive what they Bible says I am more accepting of who they are. The racial/ethnic group that I have chosen for this assignment is African decent because I think that they are more discriminated against than most  race’s that I know. They differ from other ethnic groups because for one their culture is different than most others, such as ancestry is different, culture and sometimes language can be different. This race has experienced different things with different cultures, for example, sometimes people that are Caucasian tend to treat them like they aren’t good enough for them to even talk to and that can cause a lot of controversy between the two ethnic groups. I think that in this day and age that everyone is more accepting of what color, gender, race or anything that is considered different than they were before. This race has contributed so much to the American culture and has made everyone look at some things in a better light so that they have a better understanding of what they went through in their history. They have paved the way for different races in a way that will help for hundreds of years to come. For example, they have made a huge impact with our music, religion, cuisine, clothing and hair styles, and several more. I believe that if they didn’t bring all these things to the American culture than it would be an extremely boring place to live. They seem to make things come alive, for example, they are more active when a church service is going on, they sing, dance and generally have a great time listening to the teachings of the Lord, which in itself is something that one needs to experience. There is also quite a bit of discrimination towards them to the point where it leads to a lot of violence. A woman named Rosa Parks was arrested on December 1st, 1955 because she refused to give up her seat on the bus because the white section was already full. Another example was slavery where white Americans bought, sold and traded African Americans so that they could use them to do the work that they didn’t want to do. They were treated as if they weren’t even humans at all, they were beaten, hanged, starved and degraded so bad because of the color of their skin. The main sources of this discrimination are of the white decent. I have learned quite a bit about this race to the point where I do understand them a lot more than I did. I’m not the kind of person that looks at the color of someone’s skin before I get to know them and because of that I am one of many who tries to accept everyone for who they are. The two groups that I have chosen are somewhat similar when it concerns what they have gone through in history to get to where they are now because of  the narrow minded people out there. They are extremely different in just about every way there is but there are some African descent who are Jehovah’s Witnesses and they have to struggle twice as hard to be accepted for who they are. My conclusions about the discrimination between the two are that no matter what religion you are or what race you are there is always going to be problems because of the lack of acceptance and understanding from other race’s and other religions. References: http://www.religionfacts.com/jehovahs_witnesses/beliefs.htm http://jw-media.org/beliefs/index.htm http://www.watchtower.org/library/rq/index.htm?article=article_02.htm http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=44484 http://www.apologeticsindex.org/j02ab.html http://www.cesnur.org/testi/geova_USAtoday.htm http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12466831/ns/health-health_care/t/bloodless-surgery-avoids-risks-transfusion/ http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art1856.asp http://fatwestcoast.blogspot.com/2010/04/african-american-culture.html