Crime And Punishment Dream Ana Essay -- essays research papers

Dreams of Good and Evil      Dreams are windows into people groups sub still, small voice and their actual feelings and gives significant pieces of information to enthusiastic aggravations. Sigmund Freud, the principal individual to deliberately examine dreams, said that wants are uncovered as dreams. Freud said that fantasies satisfy those wants which that an individual could never communicate while conscious. Specialists today will in general view dreams as endeavors to take care of issues instead of as the satisfaction of oblivious wants. Whatever fantasies are, they satisfy a physiological and mental need of people. In Crime and Punishment, Raskolinov shows blame itself in a fantasy in which Ilya Petrovich cruelly beats his proprietor. This fantasy is a dream into Raskolinov’s enthusiastic aggravations and means hatred and dread.      Raskolinov’s dreams are constant clashes between his dim and scornful psyche and his still, small voice. His brain drives him to kill and swells his sense of self to cause him to feel as a â€Å"extraordinary man.† On the other hand, his still, small voice battles to frustrate these savage thought processes. Raskolinov’s mind is at fight with itself in a contention of ethics and defilement that is showed into the fantasy of the female horse. Dostoevsky utilizes the fantasy as proof of Raskolinov’s mystic disease. Raskolinov can be distinguished as the entirety of the characters in his fantasy: Mikolka, the scoffing swarm, the beaten pony, and the blameless youngster. Raskolinov’s disarray and obvio...

Effects Of Working More Than 12 Hours A Day On A Regular Basis. Over Research Paper

Impacts Of Working More Than 12 Hours A Day On A Regular Basis. After some time work and its belongings - Research Paper Example Ceaseless after some time work may diminish the efficiency of the specialist over the long haul despite the fact that it might carry brief increases to the association and the laborer. This paper investigations the impacts of working over 12 hours every day all the time. Impacts of working over 12 hours per day all the time Manpower deficiency is one of the serious issues in the hierarchical world at present. America, Britain and the majority of the other European nations are confronting extreme gifted labor deficiencies even in basic segments. Simultaneously the volume of work is expanding step by step. So as to take care of this above issue, a significant number of the unmistakable associations in these nations are requesting that their representatives remain back and proceed with their work for another 4 to 6 hours every day as additional time. All around, the standard working hours of a worker is fixed as eight hours under ordinary conditions. It is a result of the way that an in dividual needs sufficient rest day by day so as to keep up his physical and emotional well-being. ... Man is a social creatures as opposed to a machine. He has feelings, emotions and musings which he needs to communicate some route so as to keep up his physical and psychological wellness. It is outlandish for him to work like machines for a more drawn out period. As per an investigation, representatives working at least 60 hours posted a higher pace of wounds and other medical issues (Concerns About Working Overtime May Be Misplaced, 2007). The attitude of the workers has a significant job in controlling their exhibitions in an association. Dominant part of the representatives detest extra time work regardless of whether it is booked for a solitary day. Everyone needs to take a break after the ordinary 8 hour work plan for request to shed a portion of the pressure created during their work. More work implies more worry for them. Numerous associations have the deception that extra time may improve the profitability of the laborers and the association. Truth be told, a representative m ay perform well just when he feels lively both genuinely and intellectually. Extra time work will deplete his vitality and he can't keep certain degree of execution ceaselessly for longer periods. In addition, customary extra time works or works over 12 hours will decimate his efficiency and his exhibition levels may get lesser and lesser over the long haul. â€Å"Extended working hours and more than required time spent at work place clears path for wellbeing grievances and a lot of pressure that can prompt wounds like a mishap when driving†(Johnsons, 2008). It is hard for a specialist to assemble his fixation completely for accomplishing something following an extensive working hour in the association. His body and brain won't consolidate appropriately at any rate for a transitory period after the

Organizational Behavior Evaluates the Correct Interpretation

Question: Talk about the contextual analysis Organizational Behavior for Evaluates the Correct Interpretation. Answer: Presentation The accompanying investigation assesses the right understanding of data and its potential obstructions. All things considered, distinguishing these components will help the administration of the association in forestalling any current error that has been existing in the business substance. In any case, error of information will prompt mutilations of information and creating biasness. This is particularly significant for the assembling procedure, advertising and the circulation procedure of the association. Earth Williams et al. (2015) referenced that it is basic for the business element to decipher credible market data to help the business element in building up the authoritative procedures of the business substance. To make unbiasness in the understanding of the data, it will be important to direct inside and out statistical surveying to assemble showcase related information. In that capacity, this will help the business undertaking in accomplishing the pre decided objectives and the target of the business element. Hence, it gets important to recognize the elements that will affect the operational procedures of the business substance. In such manner, McShane (2012) noticed that defeating such snags ought to be fundamental to settle on fitting business choices over the long haul. All things considered, creating methodologies over the long haul will be fundamental to defeat the dangers that will influence the market request of the association. Moerdyk (2015) referenced that these techniques must incorporate executing trend setting innovation components that will have an impact on the information social event and translation method. Market patterns and observation are the components that can hamper the information translation strategies in the association. Conversation Social event and deciphering data is a fundamental piece of the dynamic procedure. Along these lines, this is a fundamental piece of the dynamic procedure of the administration of the business endeavor. Be that as it may, Fitzgerald (2014) noticed that there are various variables that will influence the dynamic procedure of the administration of the association. These remember the powerlessness for the outside economic situations just as the shopper decisions and the inclinations of the purchasers. In the dynamic procedure of the administration, there are sure factors that will affect the administration of the undertaking. Accordingly, it is basic for the administration of the endeavor to decide the variables that can empower business associations to defeat this danger. As per Eib et al. (2013), the administration of the venture will need to decipher the market data of the association to conjecture the business income of the association. In such manner, it tends to be said that along these lines, it is important to recognize the characteristics that will affect the operational arrangements of the business undertaking. The administration of the business undertaking will likewise need to consider the outside market condition that is outside the ability to control of the association. Along these lines, such traits incorporate the financial state of the locale and the buying capacity of the purchasers. These components will affect the customer conduct just as their decisions and the inclinations. Accordingly, it is important that the business venture defeats such factors to make the information social event and translation forms in a suitable way . Coming up next are the variables that can represent an impediment to the dynamic procedure of the association Market inclines The market patterns of the association are ever evolving. Along these lines, deciphering data will help the business substance in anticipating the market patterns, and in this way reacting properly for authoritative development. In any case, this will not be conceivable in a quickly changing condition that would hamper the information translation process received by the business substance. Outside ecological properties - The outer market condition will establish of variables that are outside the ability to control of the organization. It is important to gather proper information about the economic situation in which the association works. Eib et al. (2013) referenced that components like expansion, joblessness ought to substantially affect the business income of the association. In such manner, it very well may be said that exhaustive examination of the economic situations will be vital in conquering the components to encourage better dynamic in the association. Nature of the business fragment The idea of the business portion will affect the information understanding procedure. Teh and Sun (2012) referenced that a few ventures are progressively static which makes the information gathering process simpler than others. In this way, the translation will not be misshaped that can prompt biasness among the representatives of the association. Xerri and Brunett (2013) referenced that to encourage authoritative development and precisely figure shopper conduct this will be basic to pass judgment on data with a receptive outlook to forestall any biasness among the workers. In this way, distortation of realities is normal in business portions that work in a helpless market condition. Along these lines, the business element needs to make proper business strategies that will help the business element according to the business portion in which the firm is working. Recognition - Perception is the unmistakable picture and disposition of buyers towards a brand. The perceiver that incorporates the mentalities, intentions and the enthusiasm of the purchasers. The center constituents of the pereception are the perceiver, focus just as the circumstance. DuBrin (2013) referenced that the observation hypothesis is the attribution hypothesis, principal attribution blunder just as oneself serving premise. These hypotheses will empower the business element in creating supreme translation of data. In such manner, it very well may be said that the operational approaches of the business endeavor. Excavator (2015) referenced that there exists a connection between the discernment and the individual choice procedure of the association. In this manner, the variables influencing the operational procedures of the association will must be recognized that hampers the information understanding procedure in the association. The accompanying advances are important to assemble appropriate data from the purchasers. Source - To decipher the data precisely, one needs to indentify the bona fide wellspring of data. Here and there this is beyond the realm of imagination to expect to recognize the source that will give bona fide data. Customer information got may have blended assessments from the administration of the business venture. This will not be sufficient for the business substance to encourage successful information translation methodology prompting authoritative development and manageability in an inexorably serious market. As per Duple sister (2014), it is important to distinguish the best possible wellspring of data so as to settle on successful business choices for the purchasers. In the worldwide market, different wellsprings of data would positive be able to influence the business maintainability of the purchasers. In any case, there are sure impediments that can influence the social event of data for the purchasers in the market. Therefore, the business undertaking needs to put consid erably in innovative work to defeat the variables that can represent a danger to the smoother business tasks in an association . . Channels of correspondence It is basic to create appropriate channels of correspondence to grow away from of correspondence from the top administration of the association. In such manner, it very well may be said this will help the business substance in creating coordination and parity among the various offices working in the business association. These elements will help the business substance in conquering the components that can help the business supportability of the association. Distinct objectives and targets Kumar and Sundareshan (2015) referenced that it is important to build up clear objectives and goal in order to encourage legitimate execution of the objectives and the destinations of the business venture. This would help the business substance to beat the relevant dangers that will affect the future business development and manageability in a strongly serious market condition. Distinguishing proof of components - It is important to recognize the variables that will affect the operational approaches of the business undertaking. Solomon et al. (2013) referenced that such traits incorporate the nearby culture and customs s well as the nearness of the substitute items in the market. The powerful factor additionally incorporate the regularly changing business sector condition which is exposed to different outside impacts. Xerri and Brunetto (2013) referenced that during the time spent distinguishing proof of the elements, help will be taken from the experts who have serious market information. Along these lines, this will help the business venture in taking fitting business choices according to the economic situation and the authoritative objectives and the destinations. Shajahan (2015) referenced that deciphering genuine information should lead on relying upon factors that can offer deluding data. In this way, data will be assembled from a confided in source t hat can hamper the business maintainability of the association. Social affair of information The assortment of information is a significant piece of the dynamic procedure. In that capacity, this will help the business substance in settling on proper business choices according to the drawn out objectives and the goals of the business venture. Fink et al. (2012) referenced that To dodge any errors an inside and out information assortment process will be followed to help the business association in taking proper business choices. The information that will be gathered can be isolated into essential and seconda

In Defense of the Study of Cryonics Essay -- Healthcare, Science

Ferraris, Corvettes, huge bequests, gold tidied frozen yogurts, or even hundred dollar socks all share something for all intents and purpose: they are largely rich wants. Anyway is cryonics, the way toward safeguarding one's body for the expectations of future clinical medications to spare, a simple extravagance? Will nobody locate a genuine need to use cryonics? Does cryonics have any inborn incentive to society in general? Many accept that cryonics is only a â€Å"indulgence [for] rich people† (Alcor). Cryonics, actually, can do significantly more than satisfy one's personal circumstance. Cryonics is the procedure wherein radiator fluid like fluid is circled through the body and afterward solidified so as to save a human body at low temperatures for an uncertain measure of time. The solidified body would then be able to be brought back and taken a shot at if medication advances to the point of restoring a dead body. Cryonics, including the cash and research increased through it, can help past the individual and right to the progression of the field of medication. The issue with cryonics, notwithstanding, isn't cryonics itself however the absence of information on its advantages. Because of this absence of information, numerous individuals create negative perspectives on cryonics which incorporate the supposition that cryonics is principally liberal, as expressed previously. These negative perspectives, which have been around since the earliest reference point, take into account the excusal of cryonics as an extravagance that can be characterized just as â€Å"the conservation of dead bodies† and, therefore, many are killed by it and its standards (Alcor). On the off chance that this difficult continues, not exclusively does the field of cryonics endure, the clinical field does to. By using procedures found in cryonics, certain parts of the clinical field can progress at a similar rate as cryonics. The solut... ...l, the open will pick up information that is frequently disregarded when the restriction talks against cryonics: that of the advantages of cryonics. Moreover, negative perspectives on cryonics will be changed through an expansion of information in cryonics and, at last, cryonics will acquire supporters. On the off chance that an increase in supporters of cryonics happens, more research and cash can be placed into propelling the strategies of cryonics. Thus, different orders of medication, for example, organ transplanting, can use procedures in cryonics and further build up their own strategies to profit society. Nothing ought to be decided without having all the data about it introduced, cryonics is no exemption. Make this training accessible, and considerably more complete perspectives will be picked up. Wouldn't you say it's an ideal opportunity to quit concentrating on the cynicism and begin finding out about the advantages?

Explain the relationship between money supply and inflation Essay

Clarify the connection between cash flexibly and expansion - Essay Example cash flexibly and the degree of expansion inside a particular timeframe. Connection between cash gracefully and expansion Trying to relate cash flexibly to swelling isn't as immediate as it sounds as various factors additionally assume huge jobs in foreseeing or estimating expansion (Mankiw 2008). In any case, the connection between cash gracefully and swelling is effectively clarified as a close to normal event since when cash is in high flexibly inside an economy the interest for it diminishes. In this situation the market can bear the cost of more significant expenses for products since cash flexibly has expanded. Simultaneously the buyers can't return to the old costs as long as the purchasing intensity of their money is still underestimate disintegration. Financial hypotheses Economic speculations likewise influence how this relationship is clarified. The monetarism hypothesis for instance, communicates the relationship as MV = PT which means; M = Money Supply V = Money Velocity P = Price Level T = Transactions In this situation exchanges are steady similarly as speed is while flexibly and costs are legitimately related (Browne and Cronin 2010). The crucial contention set out by monetarism hypothesis is that rising cash gracefully prompts swelling in the circumstance that the ascent in the previous surpasses development of the National Income. It is still under this that T = Transactions is supplanted with Y = National Income in numerous events as close precise estimations of the previous consistently end up being troublesome. The new condition determined consequently peruses; MV = PY. As per Bernanke and Woodford (2006), one striking defender of monetarism, Friedman expressed that ‘†¦ swelling is consistently and wherever a financial phenomenon’. Further contentions express that expansion is for the most part because of inappropriate swells in a nation’s cash gracefully. In regard to speed, monetarists guarantee that it is fixed a nd on the off chance that it fluctuates the variations are unimportant. A similar case applies to the yield which is spoken to by Y and both V and Y are fixed for the time being. A model lies underneath; When MS = $2,500 and V = 4 - Y = 10,000 units Eqn. 2,500*4 = 10,000 With multiplying of MS comes multiplying of cost level as explained beneath; 5,000*4 = 20,000 In the above situations Friedman expressed that expansion in MS takes between 9 to a year to result to expanded yield (Gwartney, Stroup, Sobel and MacPherson 2008). He further expressed that it is after one more year that yield will be at harmony with increment in costs to endure effectively high cash flexibly. Advertisement and AS model (Hornle 2008) When considering total interest and flexibly model it is obvious to see that when there is increment in cash gracefully there will be expanded spending. This will basically result to a move of the Aggregate Demand to one side (Hornle 2008). In this situation makers at that poi nt connect a greater amount of their assets so as to satisfy the rising need. The resultant impact is an expanded national yield that is past the harmony level causing an inflationary hole in the economy. With expanded creation makers enlist more representatives in this manner expanding their use. In this situation laborers are eager to work for longer periods as there is a comparing ascend in their ostensible pay. With proceeded with increment in costs cash loses esteem and a development is seen along the recently shaped Aggregate Demand (Woodford 2008). It is at this

2021 Applicants Answers to Your Emails

2021 Applicants Answers to Your Emails Hi 2021 Applicants! Its been two weeks since my first post addressed to you. Its a long weekend and thus an excuse to pretend that I dont have to do work yet (although this is work; also, according to my Writing Advisor, thus is a very math major word and shouldnt be used in essays). This post is addressed to all the Applicants who have emailed me, and it contains all the answers to your questions that I could know, some generalized for the public. If youre not an applicant this year, but emailed me already, Ill get to your questions later. And if youre wondering why I didnt send out any personal email responses, well, I got 46 emails just from Applicants plus at least 30 more from hopefuls in grades 8-11, and I dont want to keep any of you waiting longer than others (also the reason why this post is so long). Thank you all for your emails and kind words and for sharing your experiences! I appreciate yall! Number 1 tip that I can give you to answer all your questions: visit the MIT Admissions website. Read through all the tabs and pages. You will very soon find answers to an overwhelming majority of your questions, including those on the three most common themes: AP and other advanced classes, extracurriculars, tests, and international applications. Next, read the MIT Blogs. This is where you can find advice on the application and its various components (including a variety of different posts on writing essays and dealing with anxiety), words of encouragement and consolation, and FAQs on logistical stuff, both from students and admissions officers. There are helpful tags on the Blogs that will help you find the subject youre looking for. The most relevant tags for all of you are Freshman Applicants, International Applicants, Process and Statistics, and Prepare for MIT. For those who asked me about life at MIT, Life Culture is a great tag. And Best of the Blogs is where you will find t he most helpful/inspirational/beautiful/touching posts about life, admissions, and everything. MITAdmissions.org is, in my experience, the best college admissions website. Its well-organized, friendly-looking, and provides a thorough overview of life at MIT and the admissions process. You dont need to look for information anywhere else. The website tells you what MIT is looking for and how to get here, in as concrete terms as possible. And the Blogs reflect the true experience of domestic and international students with a variety of interests, backgrounds, and experiences. Look through them and you will likely find something to relate to. I did this even before applying to MIT and it was extremely reassuring and helpful for all of my college applications. Some posts I found particularly inspirational are, in no particular order: Applying Sideways, Diversity or Merit, In Praise of Holistic Admissions, The Difficulty with Data (by Chris Peterson); Bleary-Eyed (by Mikey Yang 05); Its More Than a Job, Many Ways to Define the Best (by Ben Jones); Putting Diversity into Context, and Its Not Fair! (by David duKor-Jackson), all by current or former Admissions officers. Some relevant entries from student bloggers: An Open Letter to MIT Applicants by Ceri R. 16, So Chance Me Maybe? by Joel G. 18, Being qualified for MIT by Anna H. 14, My Normal High School by Ben O. 19, to the 2019s in anticipation of pi day by Yuliya K. 18, and Dear Prospective 2020s by Ceri R. 16. This is an extremely short list of everything you could (and should) read. Seriously, read the website, and go through the pages of Freshman Applicants-tagged blog posts. You will likely find everything you want and need. I just created a new MyMIT account to check out the current online application (if you dont have an account yet, create one!), and I can now relate much better to your anxiety. This field study of mine was quite an anxious throwback. Had to tell myself multiple times that I dont have to fill it out again. And, honestly, I dont know if I would get in this year. Every year, the applicant pool is different and thus the final composition of the incoming class is different (this also means, you can always try and re-apply; that was my thought of consolation senior year). Every year, MIT selects a team. More on this here. I also unearthed a PDF of my old application and was quite embarrassed. I was dramatic, used fancy words and metaphors, and sounded so exalted. For some of you, this answers your question: yes, metaphors are ok; be you even if you is someone youll look back on junior year of college and blush (for reference, my third ever blog post is a slightly less fancy version of my college essays). Anyway, back to your specific questions. This post is long because I didnt want to make some of you wait longer for answers than others, so look at the section headers below (and the underlined titles within the sections). General Thoughts See above What you dont need to get into MIT: #1 ranking in your school/class/state/country, maximum GPA and 2400 on the SAT, medals and awards (including from various Olympiads), AP or IB classes on your transcript, experience in curing cancer (had a couple people asking about this one), child prodigy classification, a certain number of activities, or most impressive or outstanding anything. These are all examples from your emails; Im sure theres a lot more you dont need as well. Also, dont compare yourself to people in your school or town. You dont have to be the best of them to be accepted. Rather, you have to be a good fit, and thats not something you can quantify. Also, MIT has no quotas nor admission officers assigned to specific regions (which happens in some schools). I cannot give you any advice on whether to apply or not. Please read the information on the Admissions website carefully for help. Trust me, there are 19,000 or so of you worried about the same thing right now. Good luck in this extremely difficult decision process! Deadlines and requirements:See here (international pretty much the same, check here). I recommend registering for a MyMIT account (super simple!) now, if you havent yet (you can do this even before senior year). Set up your interview and look through the application. Part 1 is all biographical info that you can fill out quickly and then feel good about yourself because there are only two parts so youve technically done half the work. Helps to get started to curb your anxiety. International students: everything you need to know is here. Remember that you dont have to be a genius to be accepted. Be hard-working and curious instead. Also, not every international student is an Olympiad winner. Special circumstances: some of you have described experiences that either affected your grades or your opportunities. This is understandable, and I thank you for sharing them. Luckily, Section 9 in Part 2 of the application is there for you! In it, you can explain any personal circumstances that may have significantly affected your high school experience. I hope that if you were one of the people worried about falling grades or grades that improved only later in high school, you will get this message. Also, admissions officers do look at trends, so if you got Bs and Cs freshman year and then improved, thats a good thing. More on supplemental materials here. Extra-Special Circumstances: If you are unable to submit one or more of the required materials (e.g. transcript, test scores, letters of rec), or if you faced significant challenges during high school that significantly affected your performance, please contact Admissions before submitting the application (you can find their email address on the website). And have a Plan B: remember that you can re-apply or not apply at all senior year and enroll in a local community college/summer school to get some extra academic experience or work/do research. You can also read about transferring to MIT from another collegehere(if you want to start your college education and then reapply). Essay There is at least one post every year by the Admissions bloggers with essay advice. Ive included all those I found and/or remembered, organized in no particular order. Note that they represent only a fraction of what you can find on the Blogs under the Freshman Applicants tag: A Protocol for MIT Admissions Essays by Lydia K. 14, MEng 16 The College Essay: Yogurt Edition! by Chris S. 11 Our favoirte applicaiton spellnig errers by Mikey Yang 05 On Essay Writing by Kristal L. 17 What My College Essays Were [Not] by Phoebe C. 18 I Wrote an MIT Application Essay on Getting a B in Calculus by Chelsea R. 15 Dear Applicants: The College Essay by Yuliya K. 18 Show, Dont Tell! (the College Essay, Pt. 2) by Chris S. 11 Interview To prep for the interview, take the time to think about your interests and how you could describe them. The MIT interview is not like a regular job interview. Its much more informal. Its basically an MIT student listening to you as a fellow MIT student. So be excited, be authentic, and dont be too formal. Oh, and prepare some questions you have about MIT. You can ask about the application, the interviewers time at MIT, or anything MIT-related (do your own research on the MIT Admissions website before you ask though!). I asked my interviewer about her favorite class, and that was super cool to hear. Sources from people more knowledgeable than me below: Interview Tips from an MIT Educational Counselor by Kim Hunter 86 Notes on the Interview (the EC edition!) by Chris S. 11 Scheduling Your Interview by Kim Hunter 86 College Interviews by Connie H. 14 Other Application Components Extracurriculars:see this page for the best description. Your activities dont have to be traditional extracurriculars (and I know from my experience in Ukraine that, as an international applicant, you might not have had the same opportunities in a different culture). You can do calisthenics, build/program stuff at home, write fiction/play a musical instrument, babysit, or so much more. And what you note on your application doesnt have to reflect a high level of accomplishment or be officially verified. Additionally, you have the opportunity to highlight your creative, maker, athletic, or many other projects in your Portfolio (more on that here, here, and here). More on supplemental materials here. AP and other advanced classes: read here, international aplicants here. Main takeaway: challenge yourself, and MIT knows not everyone has the same educational opportunities. Teacher recommendations: read this page andthis blog post. Sometimes your greatest strengths are highlighted by your recommenders. Unfortunately, you can read neither their letters nor their minds, but you can make sure they know you and are enthusiastic or at least immediately willing to write the letter. Ask in advance. Also, check in with Admissions on whether you can submit an official translation of your letters of recommendation if your teachers dont speak English. Tests (SAT I and II, TOEFL):read this page on the requirements(international applicants here) and this blog post on preparation. Note the options for international students and also minimum required TOEFL scores for both international and domestic students who dont speak English as a first language. While Ive already said that a 2400 on the SAT is not necessary, you will probably try to find scores that are necessary on the internet, but remember: you will only find averages and ranges, not predictions. To stay calm on Test Day (the most important thing you can do!), bring music, practice mindfulness, meditate, or ask a friend to sit with you before you are called to the test room. I brought a fun book with me to read before the test, rather than an SAT Prep book (those made me nervous even in the hands of other test takers). Oh, and the SAT II Subject Tests are much easier to relax during, in my experience, because youre not required to change sections as quicklyyoull have an hour f or everything rather than 25-minute segments for different sections. Stress and Anxiety Management (before and after you press Submit) Breathe And read the posts below. Coping with Anxiety by Rachel D. 16 How to look over your application and advice about breathing. by Shannon M. 12 Youre stressed. by Anna H. 14 I Scrapbook Sometimes by Rachel D. 16 Dear Applicants: Parts 1 and 2 by Yuliya K. 18 Second Semester Senior by Selam G. 18 This Day, the Year I Applied by Yuliya K. 18 Sleep Is for the Strong by Erick P. 17 Why I Took a Gap Year by Vincent A. 17 (an international student from Nigeria) But What Are They Really Looking for? by Kim Hunter 86 When MIT Gets Tough, CAAAATTTT by Rachel D. 16 50 Things by Ben Jones (perhaps not as relevant right now, but keep this post in mindyou will need it next year) An MIT Underwear Expos (and Sorting Hat) by Lydia K. 14, MEng 16 (technically not a stress management post, but still beautiful) The only external source I will mention in this post is College Boards BigFuture resource. Youll find a bunch of useful stuff there, including building a support network and knowing yourself (plus great info about different colleges location, demographics, financial aid, etc). Lastly, here are the most reassuring words I found as a high school senior looking through the blogs (from Ben Jones 50 Reflections): 7. I have a list of all the applicants whose stories really changed my life. Every so often I google them to see what theyre up to. I have yet to be disappointed. 8. Some of them didnt get admitted to MIT. A huge thank you to Evan, Rohan, Megumi, Enerett, Agnes, Vatsala, Sonia, Vriti, Wilson, Valeriu, Jalal, Andrew T., Rick, Lukas, Jaime, Mrugank, Rahul, Rodrigo, Azu, Antara, Victoria, Camila, Soumya, Deepraj, Oliver, Nitesh, Zack, Andrew M., Teboho, Breanna, Mark, Abhay, Mayank, Janelle, Seneme, Brian, Shrikant, Rituraj, Kenneth, Grace, and Yared! Of the 46 of you, 10 were from India, 2 from South Africa, and 1 from each of Pakistan, Moldova, Malaysia, Mongolia, Spain, Argentina, Bangladesh, Colombia, Algeria, China, England (plus 5 unspecified international). That includes almost all continents (Australia, waiting to hear from you). Your emails made my day. I look forward to hearing from you and the other Applicants in the comments below! GOOD LUCK YALL! Post Tagged #Early Action

Individual critical essay Essay - 1100 Words

Individual critical essay (Essay Sample) Content: Human Relations movementNameInstitutionDateIntroductionWorkplaces attract and hire people from different backgrounds who interact to fulfil personal and organizational obligations. Human relations movement concerns peoples behavior in groups towards organizational development. This study helps modern managers to handle their workforces in appropriate ways. Elton Mayo conducted the most notable study that influenced the human relations movement in his Hawthorne experiment. The Hawthorne experiment theory focused on the impacts of social relations, incentive and employee contentment on factory efficiency. This implies that the movement categorized workers based on their psychological fitness to match the companys objectives. Some managers apply concepts from this study to enhance productivity in their organizations. The theory enhanced managements approach to deal with employees in social setups. The concrete benefits of human relations movements entail improved communi cation between employees and the management. This is because Hawthorne workers had the privilege to respond to issues affecting the organization. Another benefit of the theorys application is that employees were encouraged by the response of appreciation they received from their managers. The workers operated in groups, which was a strategy of teamwork to increase productivity. This efficient practice resulted in the establishment of personnel departments. The responsibility of the department is to encourage managements participation in maintaining the employees interests. The Hawthorne Experiment and influence in the operation of managementsElton Mayo conducted research at the Hawthorne plant. The intention of the research was to determine employee motivation and other aspects that contributed to productivity. This comprised of the roles of the managers and participation of employee in diverse situations. Mayos works indicate that employees work better in groups because they enjoy companionship and teamwork (Institute of Management Foundation, 1998). This shows that human factors are determinant towards the total output of an organization. The Hawthorne experiment used illumination intensity to explore how the productivity of workers relates to the illumination. From the experiment, it was evident that the two aspects did not relate (Cole, 2004). As a result, Elton used other factors that could influence workers to perform better. This is because physical environment in a workplace did not yield the expected outcomes. Workers preferred working in informal social arrangements to decorate workstations or similar conditions. This is because informal social organizations provided a sense of importance due to constant cooperation. Such informal systems enable workers to form work groups where they share ideas and skills. The management gains from continuing interactions and an association of workers since they work according to their satisfaction (Institute of M anagement Foundation, 1998). The various Mayos experiments emphasized on the manager and laborers encouragement to concentrate on a formal teamwork as the central focus of the output. The behavioral approach inspired by Mayo advocated for motivated and skilled individuals committed towards organizational objectives. This arises when a mangers sensitivity to individual concerns can foster the cooperation necessary for high productivity. Organizational behavior extends to scientific applications of other theories with regard to human labor. The theory works with people who conduct their activities without pressures from senior supervisors or deadline actualizations. Workers need to embrace social involvements with each other to achieve their personal satisfactions not derived on money (Kreitner, 2009). The experiments claimed that employees created their own unofficial workplace culture complete with norms and sanctions. Mayo urged managers to offer work that fostered personal and sub jective satisfaction. He campaigned for a new social order designed to stimulate individual cooperation. This means that managers should motivate performance instead of demanding it through other non-social means like use of rewards. Cooperation, a spirit of unity and self-control were the steps towards producing and a democratic way of life (Kreitner, 2009). The Hawthorne study concluded that individuals work performance is reliant on both social aspects and job satisfaction. Managers should try to minimize conflicts with workers by forcing them to work under unfavorable regulations. It is crucial to treat workers as members of a group instead of separating them as individuals. Mayo believed that financial enticements and decent working surroundings are insignificant to the individual than the necessity to belong to a group. This means that informal groups at workplaces have an essential influence on the performance of those employees in a group (Institute of Management Foundation, 1998). The researcher recommended that managers should consider the social needs and provide for them to facilitate employee collaboration with the approved organization. Employees who offer their views in their groups are influential to increase their productivity (Maslow, 2003). Companies should encourage their employees to communicate, share and interpret other peoples emotions. Some workers liked this approach of informal groups because it was not boring and they were allowed to offer their views. There were limited instances of repetitive tasks since they invented other ways of handling tasks through group discussions (Cole, 2004). As a result, industrial strikes and riots were not numerous. The workers felt satisfied with their job areas due to the appreciation shown by other colleagues. Both the organization and workers attained their goals irrespective of the physical and financial incentives. This makes it apparent that financial rewards and physical conditions contribute limited motivation to workers in the absence of social patterns. CriticismsConversely, Mayos experiment did not analyze the true scenario experienced in informal groupings. The experiment failed to show other issues in the findings. For instance, the experiment focussed on social activities, which encourage workers to belong in groups. The groups might also affect the performance of workers if they concentrate on other matters unrelated to their work (Maslow, 2003). The experiment disregards F.W Taylors theory of executing science concepts to the management of workers in the workplace. Mayo does not mention science practices, but consider the social requirements. This is because Taylor tried to explain scientific management as an all-inclusive idea instead of a set of values. The human relations program worked similar to the concept of scientific management trying to address the social benefit requirements of workers and stimulate their teamwork as a workforce. Categorizing employee s in terms of groupings breed contempt between them, which might divert their attention to organizational goals without efficiency. Taylor made significant contributions towards human motivation that targeted scientific management and approaches. Employee efficiency in production does not feature in Mayos theory (Schein, 2005). The studies did not attain their original intentions of instituting a cause and effect relationship between operational conditions and output. This implies that the studies only demonstrated the requirement for an additional and cautious control. Proper supervision and work oriented are the basis of efficiency in production that other theories suggested. Instead, the theory makes workers become interested in the views and beliefs that make them feel part of the group than the organization (Henderson, 2006). This theory could not work in the industrial revolution period because of the widespread growth of mechanization and productivity. Most firms concentrate d on the efficiency and output approaches that could enable them survive in the business instead of individual preferences. Social interactions at the workplace could not increase productivity and efficiency and other firms had to adopt other management theories like Taylors theory (Henderson, 2006). This was beneficial to modern management practices of supervising workers. It ensures that workers must achieve the targeted goals of the administrators. Ethical and moral implications of the theoryHuman relations movement respects the interest of workers in an organization. Managers should be able to consider the satisfaction of workers when they perform their tasks. This ethical aspect fosters respect and appreciation of other workers views. Unlike Taylors theory that emphasized on efficiency and increased productivity, the Hawthorne studies stress on social relations (Schuler Jackson, 2007). A person needs time off to interact with others instead of working like a machine without re st. As a result, the Hawthorne experiment contributed towards the establishment of norms of behaviors in modern organizations. In the late 19 Century, ethical standards were significant contributions, which promoted the ideas of rationality. The history of management involved the creation of mutual understanding of the set ethical standards in the workplace (Reece, 2014). For instance, in the Interviewing program, participants suggested that feel satisfied if the management attends to their views. This showed that upward communication in a company forms a positive approach in the work environment. The findings of the experiments like the Illumination experiment and the interviewing program did offer ideas and perceptions, which were of considerable significance to the investigators and management. Organizations started offering leaves for the emp...

The Effect of Transcendentalism on Americans - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 772 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2019/07/01 Category Philosophy Essay Level High school Topics: Transcendentalism Essay Did you like this example? During the 19th century, led by Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and other talented writers, the idea of Transcendentalism exploded in America. The founders of transcendentalism encourage people to go into nature and discover the good found inside nature. Due to the encouragement of going into nature and live self-reliant, Americans started to live independently. Nature served as the counselor of Americans, and it teaches them lessons. Those who learned the lessons evaluated into another dimension and contributed to the society. But how did nature teach American? The might of nature is beyond description, Nature is full of genius, full of divinity, so that not a snowflake escapes its fashioning hand. Nature is formidable which it can act as a good guide for all people if we have the determination to accept its coaching. Through living a simple life in the wilding alone for days, it is possible to gain feedback from nature. Nature can a be the good instructor that provoked us of thinking these meaningful life truths that we will need of step by step. The fickle of nature teaches us the importance of adaptability instincts. The miracle inside nature compels us to believe that everything live, even us, live and server for a purpose. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Effect of Transcendentalism on Americans" essay for you Create order The power of nature taught people can not control everything. The consequence happens to those who do not bend before nature teaches us to be flexible. The fortuitous meeting in nature instructed us to be on our own. The surviving inside nature forces us to make our own decisions and take the aftermath alone teaches us to be self-reliant or we face death. When thinking of our life in nature, we will also be pondering on questions such as who are we! Where are we! By following the steps given by nature, all humans learn skills like how to be self-independent. These skills are important for both independent and social. On one hand, if we are not an independent thinker, instead, we are only a hard-working people, then it is not enough to be industrious; so are the ants. What are you industrious about? We humans will have no difference from ants or any other animals who just work hard. This will make us being just like the other unintellectual species, and we will not be standing out from them. On the other hand, those being an independent thinker will be able to hear beyond the range of sound, see beyond the range of sight. They are able to understand the surface of all things as all the others do, but also, their independent thinking granted them the methods to penetrate deeply from the appearance into the core of many things. Furthermore, independent thinking can help one to penetrate and smash the idea of inherent the badness of people and fatalism of Calvinism. Thus becoming passionate and an expert to express oneself. The ability of independent thinking can be acquired through both living in n ature and meditatively searching ones soul. But, most importantly, it is significant to believe in that people is the dominator of their own. Society also demands independent thinkers, The fate of the country does not depend on how you vote at the polls† the worst man is as strong as the best at that game; it does not depend on what kind of paper you drop into the ballot box once a year, but on what kind of man you drop from your chamber into the street every morning. The actions that all humans act on the public and private space will be accumulated and decides the countrys fate. Thus it is necessary for all of us to be and act like self-reliant in order for the better destiny of our country. Moreover, The law will never make men free; it is men who have got to make the law free, we have to strive for better content insides the law. However, if a fool gets to make a law, every other fool will mind it, this will tear apart the society instead of uniting it. Therefore, a society full of independent thinkers can avoid the aforementioned situation instead, they will despise on authority and traditions, but depending on their own experience to construct the society. Once every individual in society is solid, strong, and independent, it is certain the society will become an ethical perfect utopian. In conclusion, the limitation of focus inside nature simplify ones life and enable people to go into deeper discovery of everything thus receiving the most experience and gain out of it. This process of nature breeds independent thinker that can contribute to society.

DNA and Pregnancy are a Reality in the Movie, Gattaca

GATTACA In class, we watched the movie GATTACA. There were several ways in which this movie related to what we are learning and discussing in class. This movie was able to make everything more clear as it showed and explained concepts in more description. This movie seemed very futuristic and science fiction to me but the key concepts dealing with DNA and pregnancies are reality. When Jerome’s parents visited a genetics center for a second child, the geneticist stated that he took the liberty of getting rid of any potential harmful or threatening conditions that could cause issues such as premature baldness, alcoholism, addictive susceptibility, propensity for violence and obesity, and many others. Jerome’s father then asked if they should leave some things to chance. The geneticist responded by saying that they want to give their child the best possible start and that there is already enough imperfection already built-in. I do not believe that it was at all irresponsible for the father to want to leave some things to chance. In my opinion, I think that some things should be left to chance because no matter what you decide for your child, it doesnt plan out their whole entire life. I also think that knowing everything about your child before they are born ruins the surprise factor and you know almost exactly what to expect. Some families m ay enjoy knowing everything about their unborn child but I believe that leaving things to chance creates surprise and

Reverse Mentoring For Apple Millennials - 1527 Words

Reverse Mentoring for Apple Millennials Chenise Wade University of Maryland University College July 26, 2015 Chenise Wade 6465 Lexington Ave Norfolk, VA 23513 July 26, 2015 Denise Young Smith Apple 1 Infinite Loop Cupertino, CA 95014 Dear Mrs. Smith, Enclosed is the report entitled, â€Å"Reverse Mentoring for Apple Millennials,† which you summoned for the Board of Directors 16 Jul 2015 on developing an alternative mentoring program for the millennials of the company. The main findings of the report are: That reverse mentoring in place of traditional mentoring, inspires learning and enables cross-generational relationships, differentiating from other developmental relationships. It can help eliminate company challenges by growing employee retention and increasing workplace productivity. Reverse mentoring enables sharing information, expertise, talents, perceptions, and practices through discourse and shared learning. It should be considered that Tim Cook, was unreachable for statements during the period in which this report was being delved into, so his input should be required before any further resolutions are made. To close, I would like to thank you for the chance this report gave me to educate myself on reverse mentoring and its benefits, and to enhance my research skills, which will be vital for future developments. Should you have any questions, I can be reached on my work cell at (410)777-5659 Respectfully, Chenise Wade Executive SummaryShow MoreRelatedEssay about Coaching and Mentor9220 Words   |  37 PagesMentoring Assignments level 7 The abilities and performance characteristics of effective leaders are appraised. In 1992 Sir Peter dela Billiere was quoted as Strenght of personality is always likely to be part of the DNA of top leaders. He based this around his research around military structure throughout history ,sir Peter was throughout his career an very well respected Military officer who has spoken at many Buiness conventions on leadership . (Hooper and Potter2000 ;Hodgson 2004) argueRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesNarcissist? 132 Myth or Science? Personality Predicts the Performance of Entrepreneurs 142 glOBalization! The Right Personality for a Global Workplace 143 An Ethical Choice Should You Try to Change Someone’s Personality? 147 Point/Counterpoint Millennials Are More Narcissistic 155 Questions for Review 156 Experiential Exercise What Organizational Culture Do You Prefer? 156 Ethical Dilemma Freedom or Lack of Commitment? 156 Case Incident 1 Is There a Price for Being Too Nice? 157 Case Incident 2Read MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 PagesResource Management . . . 267 Human Resources Policies and Procedures . . . . . . . . . 268 Career Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269 Plateauing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272 Mentoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 Health and Safety Issues in the Library . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 Physical Stress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 Job-Related Mental Stress

The Students Bill Of Rights - 968 Words

The school where the author is doing her practicum has written a School Bill of Rights to give guide to the students, staff and parents as to what is appropriate behavior. The author supports this bill of rights because it provides a healthy environment for learning for the students. The author of this essay highly respects students’ bill of rights in the school. The students do not lose their constitutional rights when they come to school. Thus, they have First Amendment rights to express themselves. The democratic leader embraces this freedom of expression. However, students do not have the full range of the constitutional rights. The principal of a school has the power to make rules for the student to follow at school. For example, a student cannot cuss a teacher in class or the hall. However, if it happened off campus, the principal would not have the authority to punish the student. The author as a democratic leader would use the situation to explain to the stude nt why it should not be done and carry out any repercussions that the rules require. After all, it is the role of the principal to educate the students in a safe environment. Any safe environment has rules that need to be followed. However, the principal of the school must respect the Bill of Rights and the First Amendment. Occasionally, a situation may occur when it is hard for the principal to do his/her job without walking on students’ free-expression rights. Justly, the importance of the BillShow MoreRelatedFreedom Of Speech : Speech1105 Words   |  5 Pages Freedom of Speech Freedom of Speech, part of the First Amendment, is a privileged right that should not be taken lightly. The Milo Bill is said to protect students’ right to their freedom of speech on school grounds. 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Abbott claims that the bill will not only strengthen Texans second amendment rights, it will secure them (The Associated Press, 2015). However, the bill has raised questions regarding the safety of students and faculty on college campusesRead MoreThe Importance Of Passing A Bill, And They Are Not The Quickest1081 Words   |  5 Pagesof passing a bill, and they are not the quickest. When someone suggests a change, the legislature must discuss and determine the solution. The legislature is made up of many people, with contrasting opinions that may prolong the process. Even after the legislature approves of the bill, it still has to go to the governor. Recently, the legislature passed a bill that declared that we could not go to school before the tenth of August, and we had to end before the tenth of June. 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In North Carolina the House Bill 2 has been a major cause of controversy amongst many residents of North Carolina as well as the United States as a whole. From the constitutional standpoint, North Carolina has oversteppedRead MoreThe Nmc Establish Standards And Requirements For Nursing Education962 Words   |  4 Pagesconfidentiality, con sent rights, and autonomy. All nurses are expected to comply at an individual level with these guidelines on a daily basis, NMC (2015). The nurse and the student played the same role in Bill’s care which was to provide the best possible care for Bill. As the student was working on leadership skills, the nurse supervised the student according to the NMC (2008) which states nurses must facilitate students to develop their competence. The student and the nurse ensured that Bill was put at the

Communicating in the Workplace Free Essays

Tasha Wright April 23, 2013 Assignment 1. 1 Complete assignment 1. 1 from Ch. We will write a custom essay sample on Communicating in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1 of Communicating in the Workplace. Choose two misunderstandings you experienced and fill out the chart for these. Respond to questions 1 and 2 shown under the chart for each example of a misunderstanding. In your response, include the following: * Cite a meaningful misunderstanding rather than a general or less material misunderstanding. * Use business- or work-related examples rather than personal ones. Identify the roles of the sender and receiver, such as manager, peer, subordinate, client, vendor, and so forth. Question| Misunderstanding One| Misunderstanding Two| Who was the sender? | My Co-worker | My Manager| Who was the receiver? | I was| I was| What was the message? | â€Å"Refill the ink toner in the mail room. †| â€Å"Make sure you open all tickets and provide your daily log assignments†. | What channel was used to sendthe message? | Via Email| | What was the misunderstandingthat occurred? There were three different ink toners and three machines located i n the mail room. Sender didn’t state which Ink toner that was needed and machine. | The email was not specifying of which ticket to open in order to provide our daily log assignment. | How could the misunderstandinghave been avoided? | The sender could have specified informed the correct Ink toner and machine. | The message could have been clearer on which ticket to review. | 1. What did you learn about the communication process from this activity? Answer: When using communication via email, you have to make sure the details are informed, where, what, when. In via email you should have more clarification within the message to communicate better so that you can resolve the issue. 2. What seemed to be the main causes of the misunderstandings? Answer: The lack of information, if I haven’t asked questions the wrong ink toner would have been installed into the wrong machine and would have delayed projects. To prevent misunderstanding in communication the body of the message should include details about the subject. How to cite Communicating in the Workplace, Papers

Soap Notes free essay sample

This patient with history of Aids status post newmosotisis kerantina ammonia. Hairpes esogasutisis perrectual herpes and cmv hepatisis. Is seen today for the first time in four an half months. The patient indicates that mid November he stopped all his medications because, â€Å"I just got confused about the dosing†, when I asked why he had not called he said he just never thought about it. He relates that his most acute problem right now is that development of non productive cough associated with congestion. There been no fevers, chills, pluratic chest pain, anorexia, nausea, voimting, increased diaherra or, GU symptoms. are basically unrealiving with no posterior drainage. Neck supple good range of motion. No significant adanapate. Back exam benign. Chest is relatively clear although he does have diminshed breath sounds in the basis. Cardo vascular S1, S2, without rubs or murmurs. Abdomen bowels sounds present, abdomen is soft non tender with no guarding or rebound. We will write a custom essay sample on Soap Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Extremities are unrealvealing. Skin clear. No rashs, ulcerations, or lesions at this time. Broncitis at this point I think the prudent thing is to address this problem acutely with Zithormax and Vicodin tusk cough supresent. 2. )History of acquired immunodefiency syndrome. Once again I reviewed how critical it is for him to maintain complaince and follow-up. I have expressed that if I’m going to make 100% commitment to him. He likewise has to commitment to his own health care. As such, if he fails to return and follow-up will have to seek an alternative physician to provide his care. He indicates that he understands my concern and anxiety. I have stated that were going to deal with his acute illness and then I will place him back on his medications. Repeat labs today to assess his status. 3. )Cytomeglovirus hepatisis. We will recheck his liver functions. 4. )Status postherpes esogahus and perifirectual area, no current symptoms. PLAN: 1. )Z pack. 2. )Vicodin tuss one teaspoon poq 6h prn. 3. )CBC come 18 CD 4 count and viral load. 4. )Return in 10 to 14 days to review data and make some decisions about his future therapy. Thanks Beth Bryant, Infectious Disease

Antiheroism In Hamlet Essay Example For Students

Antiheroism In Hamlet Essay In literature, there has been countless antiheroic characters, from Randle McMurphy in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Allie Fox in The Mosquito Coast, to others as famous as Robin Hood and By literary definition, an antihero is the hero of the play or novel, but has negative attributes which separate him or her from the classic hero such as Superman. Such negative aspects may include a violent nature, use of coarse language, or self serving interests which may inadvertently depict the protagonist as a hero since the result of serving those interests may be the betterment of society or an environment. In William Shakespeares Hamlet, the protagonist, Hamlet, is depicted as an antihero. One main factor which gives Hamlet such a label is that he draws sympathy, as well as admiration, from the reader since Hamlet feels the pain of losing his father along with the burden and obstacles in avenging his murder. Act four places a special emphasis on Hamlets intelligence. In scene two, Hamlet is very insolent and rude towards Rosencrantz and Guildenstern with such phrases as, That I can keep your counsel and not, mine own. Beside, to be demanded of a sponge, what replication should be made by the son of a king? IV, ii, 12-14 The reference to the sponge reflects the fact that Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are easily ordered by the king and do not have minds of their own. Hamlet does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern since they are servants of the Claudius, Hamlets mortal enemy. The reader does not like Rosencrantz and Guildenstern either which causes the reader to side with Hamlet. Another incident of Hamlets high intelligence is shown when he Hamlet tells Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, I am glad of it: a knavish sleeps in a foolish ear. IV, ii, 24-25 This statement leaves Rosencrantz and Guildenstern more or less confused. Hamlet is clearly more clever than the two of them combined and is able to toy with them.Hamlet has an excellent command of the language and because of it, can use words to the point that those around him will not understand and may label him as crazy. Hamlet shows another example of his cleverness, this time towards Claudius, when he says, I see a cherub that sees them. But, come; for England! Farewell, dear mother. IV, iii, 49-50 The cherub, or the angel, gives Hamlet a sense of superiority over Claudius. Having an angel at ones side would be a definite sign of power, which is exactly what Hamlet tries to maintain over Claudius in their constant power struggle. Just when Claudius thinks he controls Hamlet, it is really Hamlet who has the upper hand over Claudius. There are very strong philosophical references made by Hamlet in this act regarding life and death. Hamlet tells Claudius, Your worm is your only emperor for diet: we fat all creatures else to  fat us, and we fat ourselves for maggots: your fat king and your lean beggar is but variable service, two dishes, but to one table: thats the end. IV, iii, 21-26 This statement id a reference to the food chain, and in turn, a reflection on the meaning of life. It illustrates the equality of men in that whether one is born to be a king or a beggar, when one dies, we are all equal. Worms and maggots do not treat anybody differently once one is dead and buried. The final scene draws the greatest sympathy towards Hamlet even though he is not even in the scene. The forces of Claudius and Laertes have combined against Hamlet. Claudius states, To an exploit now ripe in my device, Under the which he shall not choose but fall, And for his death no wind of blame shall breathe; But even his mother shall unchange the practice, And call it accident. IV, vii, 65-69 Claudius is willing to undertake any measures necessary to eliminate Hamlet, to the point that it does not matter whether or not it hurts Gertrude in any way. This scene depicts Hamlet as the victim, much like two bullies picking on a smaller child in school, since the king, with the aid of Laertes, is out to kill Hamlet, this time with a passion. Much like a political revolutionary, Hamlet has the system against him and is facing death because of his loyalty and honour towards his father. .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 , .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 .postImageUrl , .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 , .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811:hover , .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811:visited , .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811:active { border:0!important; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811:active , .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811 .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29d7624418808e055b1d8b2a4fc03811:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Time Machine Book EssayThe fact that Hamlets life is not indeed in jeopardy attributes to his hero status. In addition, his only fault is the desire to avenge his fathers murder, an act considered completely honourable by the reader. However, Hamlets negative attributes include his rudeness towards others, including the fair Ophelia, and a violent nature as shown when he kills Polonius, albeit accidently, and shows no remorse, causing a reclassification from the classic hero.

Fathers advice free essay sample

Fathers advice Times in life essay A father Is a man who expects his son to be as good a man as he meant to be, A father is someone who carries pictures where his money used to be (Frank Howard Clark). There are times in a young mans life when he needs advice. When I needed that advice, turned to my Dad. He always seems to know what to do in every situation, and because of that, I will go up to my Dad and ask him about anything. My Dad will attempt to do what he can for me to the best of his abilities. One of the ways he does this is by providing me with excellent life advice.Some of the best he gave is telling me that Life ahead is too uncertain, so always follow your morals, and stay true to who you are even though outside forces are working against you. We will write a custom essay sample on Fathers advice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Live life with a smile on your face. Every day has a new challenge; the outcome has to do how people face that challenge. There are times in my life that I really rely on the advice my dad gives me. Without it, I would not have the drive I have now. There was one time where I had no Idea what to tell to the bully when he was being a buttered. Ride to Ignore him, but it wasnt working. So one day I go to my dad and say, Dad there is a guy on my baseball team that is being a buttered and I dont know how to explain to him, that he is being a buttered without being one in return. My Dad turned to me and said, Son there Is no way around being a buttered In life so Just tell him he Is and move on. That taught me to quit thinking about how not to offend someone because I will spend more time of trying to figure out how not too then I actually would by saying it. M more able to be the person I want to be because I am strait forward with my friends. This advice has helped me make Important decision In life. For example, I was having a difficult time with baseball. I was getting teased and made fun of. This made me want to quit baseball all together. So, one day, I decided to tell the coach I Just cant play baseball any more, but then I remembered that I wouldnt be any happier If quit the sport that I love. I decided that If I couldnt prove that It TLD affect me then it would continue on even if I did quit.I kept pushing and pushing until one day the bullying and teasing finally stopped. I realized that I wouldnt be the same person m now if I would have given up. Another example of how being who I am has helped me Is when I wanted to get stronger. I started to work out twice a week. Lifting weights, running or something to help make me stronger I would go until it got hard then quit. Two weeks went by of doing the same routine over and over and I wasnt seeing any results. So I started to push myself harder thinking maybe Im not working out enough.Then, I started to work out four days a week. I would lift weights every other day and do cardiac on the other two days. Again I went till it got hard and quit. Three weeks pasted and still no results. I couldnt figure it out till I remembered my 1 OFF got hard then I quit. To get what I wanted I had to keep going till I could not go anymore. I started to do this sure it was hard sure I wanted to quit but I pushed on till I collapsed. I repeated this day in and day out. I started to feel like I was getting stronger yet I didnt give up.Every day I am faced with choices about what I want to do with my life or of what is right and wrong. The advice that I have been given has helped me make those choices to the best of my abilities and to the best outcome that I can affect. I wouldnt be the person I am today without the influence that people have had on me trough out my life so far. I know Im not perfect and I probably never will be perfect no matter how much I try. However, I know that if I follow the advice I have been given and the morals that have been instilled inside of me since I was a kid.I know I will turn out all right. I hope that I am going to be the person to my future kids that my dad is to me. I dont think that I can thank my dad enough for the thing that he has done for me. I know life will be a huge ride full of twist and turn and ups and downs, UT I think it is better to learn from ones mistakes than to keep making them over and over. When I make a mistake I always think of the saying, Fool me once, shame on you. Fool me twice, shame on me. I will listen to advice every time it is offered.I dont have to follow the advice but I will definably remember what is said to me on the topic. I have asked how he knows all of this and is able to give me advice the way you do. He always turns to me and says, Well son I have made the same mistakes that you have and more but I know that your son will probably make the same mistake that you did. That is what helps make you a man and what will help you make decisions later in life. I want you to remember, son, that dads dont Just love their sons every now and then.Fathers love their sons without amen. He told me this when I was twelve and to this day as I start to think about having kids, that advice always comes to mind. Lifes lesson will come and go, but I have to face each one with a smile on my face and spring in your step. Otherwise, I will not enjoy life the way that God meant for me to. I once heard an old man say Live life to the fullest its not like you are going to get out of it alive. I think that rings true for all people you are born and you die that is the only two certainties in life.I am going to live my life to the fullest that I can. While remembering my true self and the morals that I have been taught is right. What other people do with their life is their choice, but I wont let them stop me from what makes me happy or let them threaten my family. That is just not who I am or the person I want to be.

Pol Pot essays

Pol Pot essays On April 17, 1976, Pol Pot and the Khmer Rouge, a group of Cambodian Marxists, stormed the Cambodian capital of Phonm Penh, forcing Cambodia into four years of horrifying terror. They declared this time Zero Hour, the day Cambodia would enter a new utopian era and say goodbye to the flawed ways of a capitalistic society. Yet in reality, Pol Pot, leader of the Khmer Rouge, achieved nothing for Cambodia. The Cambodian people only suffered under Pol Pot, with an estimated death toll of 3,000,000. Pol Pot, a conniving man, whos rule over Cambodia was marked by mass murder, negligence, and despotic rule, attempted and failed to create an egalitarian communist society, exploiting the manual power of the masses. In 1970, Prince Sihanouk was hoisted out of power in a coup de tat. General Lon Nol, backed by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) of the United States (US), successfully seized power in Cambodia. Nol, as opposed to Sihanouk, was pro US, something the US valued in their war against Cambodias bordering nation of Vietnam. Nol took little consideration of the people and their needs, and his corrupt administration stirred support for the Khmer Rouge (Seekins, 4). At that time, the Khmer Rouge, a thirty-year-old Communist movement, began their take over of Cambodia. In the five-year period that followed, Cambodia befell into a Civil War between the Khmer Rouge and Lon Nols forces. On April 17th, 1976, the Khmer Rouge succeeded and marched into Phnom Penh. The Khmer Rouge, at the time, was led by Pol Pot, formerly known as Saloth Sar. Sar had received an education in radio electronics in France. In France, Sar was introduced to Marxism. His teachers led him to believe that Cambodia, a prosperous monarchy at the time, should go through an agricultural revolution, converting Cambodia to a classless agrarian country (Geyer, 1). In doing so, Pol Pot was believed that Cambod...

McDonalds global strategic of human resource management Essay

McDonalds global strategic of human resource management - Essay Example Since then, McDonald’s kept growing in terms of business and innovative products and concepts that attracted the international market to acquire franchise stores in their countries. At McDonald’s, learning is highly encouraged. From the setting up of Hamburger University to educate people in the food business, to welcoming students to work part time while offering them a suitable schedule to still accommodate their studies, the company has established its value for learning. Within each store, much learning and development ensue. Employees’ skills and potentials are maximized with effective motivational strategies. Aside from contributing to the improvement of employees, it also redounds to beneficial outcomes for the company. To management, their human resources are the company’s greatest wealth and are worth investing on. They see employees as the primary source of progress in terms of quality and productivity. Employee development takes on a learning or ientation throughout the McDonald’s system. This shows the company’s commitment to empowering their people towards better performance in their work, thereby impacting organizational efficiency. The awards reaped by the company throughout the years prove that McDonald’s is one company committed not only to the highest standards of excellence in the food service industry but also to being a great employer that motivates its employees to strive for their best performance. Employee recognition is one thing McDonald’s believe in. Their recognition programs are designed to reward and recognize worthy employees who exhibit above average performance. The President’s Award is given to the top 1% of individual performers worldwide in the corporate division and region offices. The Circle of Excellence award is bestowed upon top teams who contribute their efforts in advancing the company’s vision (McDonald’s.com) With the purpose of retaining the ir high-performing employees, McDonald’s has also devised ways to keep them such as helping them invest in their futures. Employees have access to financial management services, profit shares in the company as well as long-term incentives. These benefits are granted to key employees who have exhibited sustained quality performance and have impacted long-term value creation in the company (McDonald’s.com). An employee of the month is voted each month and then, each quarter. This motivates the employees to strive hard to be a candidate. The winner gets vouchers as rewards and becomes eligible as candidates towards Employee of the quarter, and rewards are increased as the employee goes up the hierarchy of the award. Another motivational scheme for employee development is rewarding employees for their loyalty to the company in the longevity of their employment. Employees who stay at McDonalds from 5 years are given monetary rewards every 5 years, and this increases in valu e every time. The foregoing is what is publicized as McDonald’s profile as an employer. However, a different case seems to be recognized in its branches in Europe. Although it has exerted much effort in preventing the formation of unions amongst their employees, discontent in some still manage to seep through (Royle, 2002). McDonald’s in Europe face a greater challenge in terms of its employment of culturally diverse workers with varying ages and qualifications (Royle, 1999). This paper discusses such issues on how the company has dealt with such challenges in its

Social policy - the rule of law as referring to an ideal condition Essay

Social policy - the rule of law as referring to an ideal condition - Essay Example Since the point is to restrain the coercive activities of government, these general rules should not be framed so as to discriminate either against or in favour of any group of persons known in advance-against Jews or Blacks, for example. Laws against speeding lay down general rules of this kind: they apply equally to all motorists, and they do not single out particular individuals (say, BMW drivers) for special attention. Retrospective legislation is likely to violate the rule of law on this interpretation since its victims and beneficiaries usually can be identified in advance. 1 General rules of this kind that are announced in advance are a defence against the arbitrary actions of governments. They are necessary in Hayek's view both for the proper working of the market and for the existence of liberty precisely because they allow individuals to plan their affairs secure in the knowledge that government powers will not be used deliberately to frustrate their efforts. Once governments go beyond the enforcement of certain general rules, their activities inevitably involve the coercion of particular individuals. ... From this point of view there is no reason in principle why governments should not concern themselves with the regulation of economic affairs. But their interventions should take the form of a framework of laws within which markets can operate, rather than the direction of economic activity by a central authority. 2 Here and elsewhere, Hayek discusses government social and economic policy as if interference with market operations inevitably involves the infringement of liberty. It is not clear why that should be the case. Consider the example raised by Pigou in his review of The Road to Serfdom (Pigou 1944). The wartime practice of directing particular individuals into specific jobs is an infringement of liberty that may be defended for a limited period on the grounds of national emergency.3 This example, the occupational choices of individuals is certainly constrained as a result of government policy. But, from the point of view of those affected, the manner in which they are constrained is no different from the effects of market forces. It seems then that government interference in markets is to count as a coercive infringement of liberty, whether or not it is experienced as such by the individuals concerned. 4 Similar considerations apply to the welfare state. It is entirely proper for governments to be concerned with the welfare of their citizens, provided only that their welfare activities are constrained by the rule of law. The difficulty in discussing 'the welfare state', in Hayek's view, is that the term has no clear meaning. Some of the activities normally included under that heading are unobjectionable and may even 'make a free society more attractive, others are

Organizational Decoupling Processes and Causes

Organizational Decoupling Processes and Causes The field of organizational decoupling is a field that has not been researched very much. Meyer and Rowan (1977) were some of the first authors who wrote about this subject and define organizational decoupling as separating formal structure from actual organizational practice. In short, this means that organizations say that they do one thing, but actually do something else. For instance, an organization can announce that it will start a stock repurchase program. The organization can announce that it will repurchase a certain amount of stocks but actually repurchase much less stocks or dont repurchase them at all (Westphal Zajac, 2001). In this particular example the organization decouples what it says it is going to do, with what it actually does. Thus, the organization separates formal procedures (formal structure) from practice. So organizations seem to decouple their structure from actual practice, but why? Why do organizations try to fool other organizations, clients, customers and possibly even themselves? I argue that the main problem is legitimacy, and by exploring organizations quest for legitimacy and the problems they might encounter along the way, this research tries to map the main causes for organizational decoupling and thus give an answer to the following research question: What are the main causes of organizational decoupling? This research consists of a step-by-step overview of the entire process underlying decoupling. Four steps will be taken to explore and explain why organizations decouple their formal procedures (formal structure) from practice. Namely, 1) looking at the context of organizations and their search for legitimacy, 2) looking at problems organizations might encounter while searching for legitimacy 3) identifying the problem that is supported to be the prime cause of decoupling and 4) looking at organizational reactions to these problems (using decoupling) to connect the causes the action (problems to decoupling). These three steps will be discussed in three paragraphs and each paragraph consists of a review of existing literature from different authors about the decoupling process. Figure 1.1 shows the conceptual model sketching the process underlying decoupling. This model is divided into theory and propositions. The theory section shows which concepts form the theory behind the proposit ions and the propositions section shows which propositions are extracted from the theory. These propositions will form the core of this research. Research Structure The first step in the research is to take a look at the context of organizations and their quest for legitimacy. Organizations are embedded into institutional environments, meaning that the environment expects something of these organizations (Boxembaum Jonsson, 2008). There are certain norms, values and rules that organizations are being expected to act upon. Organizations have to conform to these expectations to gain legitimacy and this is the one goal all organizations have. They have to be legitimate to operate, survive, gain control over resources and create stability (Meyer Rowan, 1977; Boxenbaum Jonsson, 2008). For organizations, expectations are being experienced as pressures to conform. Therefore, this research will use the term environmental pressures to refer to these expectations. However, using the term environmental pressure sketches an image that is too vague and incomplete. Therefore this research divides environmental pressures into normative pressures and coercive pressures (Dimaggio Powel, 1983/2000). The term normative pressures refers to the expectations of the public or the cultural audience. These are the people and other organizations that form society and expect organizations to behave in a certain way and to conform to moral norms and values. It is important to keep in mind that it is not illegal to disregard these expectations; they are social guidelines, not laws. Nonetheless organizations have to conform to these expectations to stay legitimate (Boxenbaum Jonsson, 2008; and others). Coercive pressures however do consist of laws. In some situations organizations have to conform to certain laws that are being imposed by the government and this creates a pressure to conform. Organizations must conform because disobedience is illegal and illegitimate (Edelman, 1992). The second step in finding the answer to why organizations decouple their formal procedures (formal structure) from practice lies in the problems organizations might encounter while pursuing legitimacy. This paper categorizes three different problems that might rise when organizations try to gain legitimacy by conforming to environmental pressures, namely: 1) organizations might encounter a misfit between the expectations of their environments and their practices (Meyer Rowan, 1977); 2) some organizations might encounter an inability to conform to the coercive and normative pressures (Oliver, 1991); and 3) in some cases what an organization is being expected to do is in conflict with the interests of the organization as a whole or of individual managers (Edelman, 1992; Westphal Zajac, 2001; Fiss Zajac, 2006). The third step is to identify one of the three possible problems as the one that is the most important or most found cause of organizational decoupling. This step will eventually form an answer to the research question. The fourth step is the step where organizations actually decouple their formal structure from practice as a response to the problems that have arisen as a result of environmental pressures. This chapter will discuss different ways in which organizations use decoupling to solve problems and it illustrates some particular situations and approaches to the different problems that might arise while trying to be legitimate. This chapter functions as a bridge between the problems and the actual decoupling. Relevance of the Research Because organizations experience the struggle for legitimacy on a daily basis, and therefore have to cope with problems that arise as a result, this research might give organizations an insight in how to deal with these pressures and problem situations. Managers of organizations can use the knowledge in this research to come up with strategies that both suffice the need for legitimacy as well as the need for efficiency and pursuing organizational interests. The process underlying decoupling as illustrated in this research might also be used as a mean to gain legitimacy on its own. Because this research provides an insight into the reasons that organizations have to decouple their structure from practice, the public or cultural audience might come to a better understanding of the situation. They might understand that organizations sometimes have no other choice than to decouple and that the actions of organizations are actually quite legitimate, even if they are not considered to be at the moment. The knowledge provided in this research can also lead to further research on decoupling an form a basis for other researchers to start from because it tries to explain the core concept behind decoupling and to give an answer to the why question. Theoretical Framework Theory The aim of this research is to explore and explain the process underlying organizational decoupling and summarize the main causes. But what is organizational decoupling exactly? Meyer and Rowan (1977) define organizational decoupling as separating formal structure from actual organizational practice, meaning that organizations create an illusion of their activities (formal structure) but actually perform different activities (organizational practice). Many authors have used the term organizational decoupling but most of them refer to Meyer and Rowan as the founding fathers of this field of study and therefore this research will use the definition of organizational decoupling as given by them. The second important concept in this research is legitimacy. This research hypothesizes that organizations are on a quest for legitimacy and might encounter problems along the way. Legitimacy is therefore one of the core concepts and will be defined as a generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions (Suchman, 1995, p. 574). This definition will be used in this research because Suchman (1995) includes the importance of the social audience in his definition. As mentioned earlier, the audience defines the social pressure that organizations experience and is therefore an important player in the process underlying decoupling, which in a way determines what is legitimate and what is not, and should therefore be included in the definition of legitimacy. The third concept as mentioned in the conceptual model (figure 1.1) is environmental pressure. Meyer and Rowan (1977) call this environmental pressure myths. According to them, institutional rules function as myths to which organizations have to conform to be legitimate. This research however does not use the term myths but the term environmental pressure, the definition however remains the same. As mentioned earlier this research separates environmental pressure into two different sub pressures: coercive pressure and normative pressure. Coercive pressure will be defined as the demand of the state or other large actors to adopt specific structures or practices, or else face sanctions (Dimaggio Powel, 1983/2000 in Boxenbaum Jonsson, 2008, p. 80). Normative pressure will be defined as what is widely considered a proper course of action, or even a moral duty (Suchman, 1995, in Boxenbaum Jonsson, 2008, p. 80). These two definitions are chosen because they both point out the important difference between the moral and legal background of the concepts. The definition of coercive pressures specifically points out the role of the state and the risk of facing sanctions. This expresses the legal background of the concept. On the other hand, the definition of normative pressure points out the role of the audience. This on its turn expresses the social background of the concept. Dimaggio and Powel (1983/2000) also mention a third pressure, namely mimetic pressure. These mimetic pressures are mainly caused by uncertainty. This uncertainty for organizations causes organizations to imitate other, successful organizations to reduce their own uncertainty. Even though the concept of mimetic pressures is a part of the pressure package of Dimaggio and Powel (1983/2000) it will not be used in this research. The reason for leaving mimetic pressures out of the research and include only coercive and normative pressures is that this research hypothesizes that conforming to certain en vironmental pressure causes problems. Mimetic pressures however do not cause but rather solve problems (uncertainty)(Dimaggio Powel, 1983/2000). Propositions This research also mentions three different problems that organizations might encounter while trying to be legitimate. The first are efficiency problems. These problems are defined as problems that might arise when organizations try to conform to environmental pressures, which actually are in conflict with efficiency criteria (Meyer Rowan, 1977). The second problem is the inability to conform to environmental pressures. This problem will be defined as a problem that might rise when an organization has inadequate resources or capacity to meet the requirements of conformity (Oliver, 1991). The third are conflicting organizational or managerial interest problems. These are problems that might rise when environmental pressures are in conflict with the organizational or managerial interests (Edelman, 1992; Westphal Zajac, 2001; Fiss Zajac, 2006). Based on these three possible problems three propositions are made: Proposition 1 Organizational decoupling is caused by efficiency problems. Proposition 2 Organizational decoupling is caused by the organizations inability to conform to environmental pressures. Proposition 3 Organizational decoupling is caused by conflicting organizational or managerial interests. Table 2.1 Concept Definitions Organizational decoupling Separating formal structures from actual organizational practice Legitimacy A generalized perception or assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed system of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions Environmental pressure Institutional rules function as environmental pressures to which organizations have to conform to be legitimate Coercive pressure The demand of the state or other large actors to adopt specific structures or practices, or else face sanctions Normative pressure What is widely considered a proper course of action, or even a moral duty Efficiency problems Problems that might arise when organizations try to conform to environmental pressures, which actually conflicts sharply with efficiency criteria Inability to conform to environmental pressures Problems that might arise when an organization has inadequate resources or capacity to meet the requirements of conformity Conflicting organizational or managerial interests Problems that might arise when environmental pressures are in conflict with the organizational or managerial interests Research design This research can be characterized as both a descriptive and an explanatory research. It is both descriptive and explanatory because the aim on one hand is to describe current mainstream findings of other researchers on organizational decoupling and on the other hand to explain the whole process underlying organizational decoupling. This chapter will describe the process of data collection and data analysis using a part of the guidelines for conducting a systematic literature review as suggested by Tranfield, Denyer and Smart (2003). According to them conducting a review can be divided into several phases (table 3.1). These phases will form the steps used in this research for both data collection and analysis. Phases in conducting a review (Tranfield, Denyer Smart, 2003) Phase 1 Identification of research Phase 2 Selection of Studies Phase 3 Study quality assessment Identification of Research This phase of the research is the actual start of the data collection. According to Tranfield, Denyer and Smart (2003) a systematic search begins with identifying keywords and search terms. As mentioned in chapter 2 (Theoretical Framework), this research contains several concepts, which again can be found in the conceptual model (figure 1.1). These concepts are the core of this research and therefore some of them will be used as keywords to find relevant articles and papers. The first string of keywords is as follows: 1) Decoupling; 2) Legitimacy; 3) Institutional pressures. Table 3.2 shows the number of articles found for each keyword. Number of articles found Decoupling 12.262 Legitimacy 8.199 Institutional pressures 1080 To make the keywords more specific and to make sure that the results of the search are narrowed down the following, more specific keywords were identified and some keywords were added to the string (see table 3.2 for argumentation): 1) Organi?ational decoupling; 2) Acquiring legitimacy; 3) Maintaining legitimacy; 4) Conformity + institutional pressures; 5) Symbolic management Keyword argumentation Organi?ational decoupling Adding organi?ational to the term Decoupling makes the term more specific and narrows down results The ? makes sure that both the English and the American spelling of the word are being checked for Acquiring legitimacy Adding Aquiring to the term Legitimacy makes sure that the search focuses on the organizations search for legitimacy and not just on legitimacy itself Maintaining legitimacy Adding Maintaining to the term Legitimacy makes sure that the search focuses on the organizations struggle to maintain legitimacy and not just on legitimacy itself Conformity + Institutional pressures The term Institutional pressures refers to the pressures that weigh upon organizations The term Conformity refers to the theory that organizations have to conform to certain pressures to be legitimate Symbolic management Decoupling is using symbols to show that your organization conforms to certain institutional pressures (myths) (Meyer Rowan, 1977)The use of these symbols as a management strategy is called symbolic management (Westphal Zajac, 1998; 2001) The main source of information will be the ISI Web of Knowledge. This database contains thousands of articles and papers, which can be found using the license of the University of Tilburg. Unfortunately this license only allows the search for articles that have been published in 1988 or later. However, for the first step in searching relevant literature this is not a reason for concern. Again, to narrow down the results of the research and to exclude irrelevant results, the search will be refined to the general category Social Sciences. This makes sure that the search results do not include findings in irrelevant categories such as Science and Technology and Arts and Humanities. Second, the subject areas of the search are also refined. The subject areas that are included in the search are Business and Economics, Sociology and Behavioral Sciences. An example of the exact syntax of the search command can be found in the appendix. Besides using search-strings, this research also used the technique of snowballing. This technique uses the literature references of articles and papers that might have been found using the search-strings. For instance, the paper of Meyer and Rowan (1977) is being referred to by almost every author in the field of organizational decoupling. However, this article does not pop up in the search results in the Web of Knowledge database because it was published before 1988. By using snowballing other relevant articles about the subject can be found. The result of using this technique is that the latter part of the literature used in this research was found in the literature references of the articles that were found by using the organi?ational decoupling search term. Selection of Studies After searching for articles a selection of relevant studies had to be made. This process consists of three steps: 1) scanning the titles 2) reading the abstracts of the studies found and 3) matching the content of the studies to this researchs concept. The first and second step give an indication of what the studies are about. The title says a lot about the content of a paper and the abstract of an article gives a short summary of what the author has found in his or her study and thus gives an indication of the usability for this research. The third step is actually a sort of analysis of the studies that have been marked as relevant and usable in the previous two steps. This step consists of actually reading the selected studies and mapping their contents. Mapping the contents of a article or paper that are relevant for this research is being done by using a summary table (see appendix 6.2). This table is an oversight of the different articles and papers, their authors and the main concepts of these studies. After reading all the relevant literature this table is used to divide the different studies into different categories. The different categories consist of the core concepts of this study as shown in figure 1.1 (conceptual model), namely: 1) legitimacy; 2) conforming to coercive pressures; 3) conforming to normative pressures; 4) efficiency problems; 5) inability to conform to environmental pressures; 6) conflicting organizational or managerial interests; and 7) implementing decoupling. Dividing the literature into these different categories makes it easier to link them together in this research and to formulate an answer to the research question. Study Quality Assessment The quality of this research will be guaranteed by checking the literature that is being used as data. By checking the literature for times cited the reliability and validity of the literature is being secured. The more a particular article or paper is cited by other authors, the higher the reliability and validity of this particular article or paper. However, this also means that the older articles seem to be more reliable. To overcome this bias articles of more recent years have also been taken in to account and have been checked for usability separately. Another method for improving the reliability of the research is to use theoretical triangulation. By looking at different theories, the concept of organizational decoupling will be explained in a reliable and multidimensional way. To guarantee that this research can be replicated and checked for inconsistencies or to extend it, every step of the research process is being recorded. Also, the systematic way of analyzing the data ensures both replicabillity and reliability. Results As mentioned earlier, this research consists of three steps in explaining the causes of organizational decoupling. These three steps are according to the conceptual model (figure 1.1) and try to explain the process underlying decoupling step-by-step and will be covered in the following paragraphs. Quest for Legitimacy Before we can point out which problems could cause decoupling we must first take a look at how these problems rise in the first place. The theory shows that organizations try to be legitimate and are thus on a quest for legitimacy. Acquiring and maintaining legitimacy is the most difficult task for most organizations (Elsbach Sutton, 1992; Pfeffer Salancik, 1978: 194). Nonetheless, organizations have to be legitimate to operate, survive, gain resources and create stability (Meyer and Rowan, 1977; Boxembaum Jonsson, 2008). So one of the main goals of organizations is to be legitimate, but how do organizations achieve this? Boxembaum and Jonsson (2008) argue that organizations are embedded into institutional environments. Being embedded into institutional environments means that this environment has certain expectations of the organizations. These expectations are being experienced as pressures, and organizations have to comply with these pressures to maintain legitimacy (Dimaggio Powel, 1983/2000; Monahan, 2006). These pressures can be either coercive or normative (Seidman, 1983; Dimaggio Powel, 1983/2000). Coercive pressures refer to environmental expectations such as, for instance, laws. The argument that organizations have to conform to coercive pressures is supported by the work of Tsoukas (1994) who argues that in some environments organizations have to conform to rules and institutions as imposed by the legal state. Normative pressures refer to norms and values about what is considered proper or normal (Suchman, 1995). In their work on educational organizations and ranking Sauder and Espeland (2009) write about the normative pressures that educational organizations have to conform to. According to them, educational organizations are being ranked according to their performance. Schools have to be the best of the best to survive and thus have to conform to todays ideas of what is considered good quality and bad quality. Problems Along the Way So in short, organizations try to be legitimate by conforming to both coercive and normative environmental pressures. Conforming to these environmental pressures seems to be the right and only thing for organizations to do. However, this research hypothesizes that it might also cause certain problems. This research distinct three particular problems, namely: 1) efficiency problems; 2) inability to conform; and 3) conflicting interests. Efficiency Problems Meyer and Rowan (1977) argue that organizations that try to be legitimate by conforming to environmental pressures might encounter a misfit between the organizational structure and its practice. In other words, the environmental pressures are not in line with the organizational practice. For instance, Meyer and Rowan (1977) mention the example of a bus company. A bus company is expected to service certain routes, even when there are no passengers. This is highly inefficient, but the bus company has to conform to the environmental pressures. Edelman (1992) also point out the efficiency problems that might rise in their example of the equal employment opportunity and affirmative action (EEO/AA) law. This law is designed to ban discrimination in the hiring processes of firms and thus restricts organizations and managers to hire or refuse whomever they want. According to Edelman (1992) organizations experience this as highly inefficient and obstructing to managerial power. Inability to Conform A second problem that organizations can encounter is that they simply cannot conform to the environmental pressures. Oliver (1991) argues that some organizations are just not able to conform to certain environmental pressures because they do not have the needed resources or the capacity. For instance, it is more or less a social expectation (thus, a normative pressure) that the area surrounding a fast-food-restaurant is kept clean and clear of garbage by the restaurant itself. However, the restaurant might not have enough personnel or the material (resources and capacity) to conform to this expectation. It might also be possible that organizations simply do not know what is being expected of them or that multiple environmental pressures are conflicting with each other (Oliver, 1992). If any of these options is the case, then the organization might not be able to conform or choose to conform to one pressure, but ignore the other (conflicting) one. Conflicting Organizational or Managerial Interests The third problem that can rise as a result of trying to conform to environmental pressures is that certain organizational or managerial interests might be conflicting with the expectations (environmental pressures). Westphal and Zajac (2001) point out that some organizations that announce a stock repurchase program do not always fully implement these programs. According to them this might be a result of conflicting managerial interests. They argue that top managers might use this strategy, which is actually decoupling, to preserve free cash flow for themselves and thus to maintain managerial discretion over the allocation of resources. In other words, the organization is being expected to fully implement the stock repurchase programs, but top managers seem to want to keep control over the allocation of resources and thus do not (completely) conform to this environmental pressure. What is being expected, and the interests of the managers are conflicting with each other. The previous mentioned findings of Edelman (1992) about the EEO/AA law and its consequences for organizations are also supporting the conflicting interests argument. Edelman (1992) not only argues that conforming to the EEO/AA law, a coercive pressure, is inefficient but also argues that it is in conflict with organizational and managerial interests. Managers want to be free in hiring whomever they want but the EEO/AA law prohibits them from doing this. Thus, the coercive pressure to which the organizations have to conform is in conflict with the interests of the organizations themselves and their managers. Decoupling as  a Problem Solving Tool So far we have traced the process underlying decoupling from trying to be legitimate, to conforming to environmental pressures and to the problems this might cause. This research argues that these problems are the main causes of organizational decoupling but so far nothing has been said about the implementation of decoupling as a response to these problems. This paragraph will give some examples of how organizations use decoupling to solve their problems and will form a bridge between the problems and decoupling. According to Meyer and Rowan (1977), efficiency problems can be solved by formally adopting a structure but then internally decouple this structure from the actual practice. They give an example of how a hospital applies this strategy. In this example Meyer and Rowan (1977) point out that hospitals treat, not cure their patients. The environmental pressures prescribe that hospitals are being expected to cure patients. However, this is highly unpractical because they cannot cure every single patient. The solution to this problem is decoupling. Hospitals give an impression that they cure their patients, and thus conform to the environmental pressures, but actually these hospitals treat their patients and do not cure all of them. In fact, hospitals only publish numbers on treated patients and not or seldom on cured patients (Meyer Rowan, 1977). Edelman (1992), regarding to the EEO/AA law example, also gives a solution to the efficiency problems. Organizations create formal structures in the form of offices, positions, rules and procedures within the organization. These formal structures are actually symbols of compliance. They give the impression that the organization conforms to the environmental pressures, but in fact the organization can hire or reject someone on illegitimate grounds (Edelman, 1992). When an organization does not have the resources or capability to conform to environmental pressures, it will attempt to preclude the necessity of conformity or to conceal nonconformity behind a faà §ade of acquiescence (Oliver, 1991). Oliver (1991) gives an example: when a construction firm is building a house and they are expecting a government inspection of the building site, they might display several activities that normally are not there. For instance, rules require two men to operate heavy machinery on building sites. However, a building firm might not have enough personnel to put two men on the job and thus normally only one man operates the machinery. When the building firm expects an inspection it will, for instance, relocate someone from another building site to the one that is being inspected. So when the inspectors come, the heavy machinery is operated by two men, while normally it is not. This way the organization (construction firm) conceals its nonconformity. A possible solution to the third problem, conflicting organizational or managerial interests, is already mentioned shortly in the previous paragraph. The example of the stock repurchase program (Westphal Zajac, 2001) shows that individual managers simply do not implement the whole program when their interests are in conflict with the plans. So in short, decoupling actually comes down to the following: give the environment the impression that the organization conforms to all expectations (environmental pressures), but when these pressures cause some sort of problem for the organization, actually follow the organizations own rules and routines. Conclusions Recommendations This chapter will formulate conclusions that are derived from the results and give some recommendations for further research on organizational decoupling. Conclusions